Scholars@Duke
Christine M Everett

Christine M Everett

Adjunct Professor in the Department of Population Health Sciences
Population Health Sciences
christine.everett@duke.edu
Box 104780, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

A qualitative study about the public's perception of primary care providers.

Journal Article JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants · December 2024 ObjectiveWith the growth of physician associates/assistants (PAs) and NPs providing primary care services, we sought to understand the public's perception of the different types of healthcare providers (HCPs) they might encounter in a clinical set ... Full text Cite

NP and PA transition to practice: A scoping review of fellowships and onboarding programs.

Journal Article JAAPA · December 1, 2023 OBJECTIVES: Newly graduated NPs and physician associates/assistants (PAs) benefit from transition to practice (TTP) support to move successfully into practice. TTP programs (such as onboarding programs, fellowships, and residencies) hold promise for improv ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Nurse practitioner and physician assistant transition to practice: A scoping review of fellowships and onboarding programs.

Journal Article J Am Assoc Nurse Pract · December 1, 2023 BACKGROUND: Newly graduated nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) benefit from transition-to-practice (TTP) support to move successfully into practice. Transition-to-practice programs (i.e., onboarding programs and fellowships/residencie ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impact of primary care usual provider type and provider interdependence on outcomes for patients with diabetes: a cohort study.

Conference BMJ Open Qual · June 2023 BACKGROUND: Interprofessional primary care (PC) teams are key to the provision of high-quality care. PC providers often 'share' patients (eg, a patient may see multiple providers in the same clinic), resulting in between-visit interdependence between provi ... Full text Link to item Cite

PA and NP onboarding in primary care: The participant perspective.

Journal Article JAAPA · February 1, 2023 OBJECTIVE: To describe new graduate physician associate/assistant (PA) and NP perspectives of onboarding programs in their first primary care position. METHODS: Thirteen semistructured interviews were conducted with new graduate PAs and NPs who participate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physician assistant and nurse practitioner onboarding in primary care: The participant perspective.

Journal Article J Am Assoc Nurse Pract · February 1, 2023 BACKGROUND: Many new graduate primary care physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) can experience stress and difficulty as they transition to practice. Feelings of anxiety and role ambiguity are common and can lead to costly turnover, impa ... Full text Link to item Cite

When is caring sharing? Primary care provider interdependence and continuity of care.

Journal Article JAAPA · January 1, 2023 Efforts to improve access to high-quality, efficient primary care have highlighted the need for team-based care. Most primary care teams are designed to maintain continuity of care between patients and primary care providers (PCPs), because continuity of c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Transition-to-practice programs for newly graduated advanced practice registered nurses and physician assistants: a scoping review protocol.

Journal Article JBI Evid Synth · December 1, 2022 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review is to map the evidence on transition-to-practice programs for newly graduated advanced practice registered nurses and physician assistants, and describe how they differ. Additional objectives include summariz ... Full text Link to item Cite

Teaming up in primary care: Membership boundaries, interdependence, and coordination.

Journal Article JAAPA · February 1, 2022 OBJECTIVE: Increased demand for quality primary care and value-based payment has prompted interest in implementing primary care teams. Evidence-based recommendations for implementing teams will be critical to successful PA participation. This study sought ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Cross-Sectional, Mixed-Methods Analysis to Identify the Relative Importance of Factors Students and Providers Evaluate When Making a Job Choice.

Journal Article Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · January 2022 Little is known about the relative importance of factors that contribute to job choices among health care providers. A convenience sample of 173 health care providers (N=134) and physician assistant students (N=39) completed a cross-sectional survey. Parti ... Full text Cite

Cross-sectional analysis of US scope of practice laws and employed physician assistants.

Journal Article BMJ open · May 2021 ObjectiveThis study examined if the variation in physician assistant (PA) state scope of practice (SOP) laws across states are associated with number of employed PAs, PA demographics and PA/population ratio per state. The hypothesis was that less ... Full text Cite

Emerging practices in onboarding programs for PAs: Strategies for onboarding.

Journal Article JAAPA · January 1, 2021 OBJECTIVE: This is the final article in a series that examines the role of onboarding programs for new physician assistants (PAs) and NPs. On-the-job learning is highly relevant for this workforce. Here we examine the strategies organizations use to impart ... Full text Link to item Cite

State Scope of Practice Laws: An Analysis of Physician Assistant Programs and Graduates.

Journal Article The journal of physician assistant education : the official journal of the Physician Assistant Education Association · December 2020 PurposeThe purpose of this study was to understand the association between physician assistant (PA) state scope of practice (SOP) laws and (1) PA program growth and (2) PA graduate demographics.MethodsScope of practice laws were categoriz ... Full text Cite

Emerging practices in onboarding programs for PAs: Program content.

Journal Article JAAPA · September 2020 OBJECTIVE: Healthcare organizations are interested in creating onboarding programs to assist new PA and NP employees as they transition to practice settings. There is a need for information on what the ideal content and topic areas are for clinics to inclu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Utilization and Costs by Primary Care Provider Type: Are There Differences Among Diabetic Patients of Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and Physician Assistants?

Journal Article Med Care · August 2020 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare health care utilization and costs among diabetes patients with physician, nurse practitioner (NP), or physician assistant (PA) primary care providers (PCPs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cohort study us ... Full text Link to item Cite

PA job availability in primary care during 2014 and 2016.

Journal Article JAAPA · July 2020 OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project was to evaluate demand for PAs by examination of job postings. We compared proportions of PAs in primary care with proportions of job postings in primary care in 2014 and 2016 and described job postings for PAs by ... Full text Link to item Cite

NP and PA Privileging in Acute Care Settings: Do Scope of Practice Laws Matter?

Journal Article Medical care research and review : MCRR · April 2020 As hospitals' interest in nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) grows, their leadership is eager to know how their medical staffing privileging policies for these professionals compare to peer hospitals. This study assesses the extent of ... Full text Cite

Emerging practices in onboarding programs for PAs and NPs.

Journal Article JAAPA · March 2020 OBJECTIVE: To describe administrative factors that should be considered when designing an onboarding program for physician assistants (PAs) and NPs. METHODS: Interview study of 13 administrators of onboarding programs. Interviews were transcribed and analy ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary care provider type: Are there differences in patients' intermediate diabetes outcomes?

Journal Article JAAPA · June 2019 Growing demand for services is leading primary care organizations to explore new delivery models. One approach incorporates multiple primary care providers on a team. Effective incorporation of multiple clinicians into teams requires well-defined roles, in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impact Of Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, And Physician Assistants On Utilization And Costs For Complex Patients.

Journal Article Health Aff (Millwood) · June 2019 Because of workforce needs and demographic and chronic disease trends, nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) are taking a larger role in the primary care of medically complex patients with chronic conditions. Research shows good quality ... Full text Link to item Cite

Intermediate Diabetes Outcomes in Patients Managed by Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, or Physician Assistants: A Cohort Study.

Journal Article Ann Intern Med · December 18, 2018 BACKGROUND: Primary care provided by nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) has been proposed as a solution to expected workforce shortages. OBJECTIVE: To examine potential differences in intermediate diabetes outcomes among patients of p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interpersonal continuity of primary care of veterans with diabetes: a cohort study using electronic health record data.

Journal Article BMC Fam Pract · July 30, 2018 BACKGROUND: Continuity of care is a cornerstone of primary care and is important for patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes. The study objective was to examine patient, provider and contextual factors associated with interpersonal continuity of ca ... Full text Link to item Cite

Patient preference in primary care provider type.

Journal Article Healthc (Amst) · March 2018 BACKGROUND: Given the growing roles of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs), patients are increasingly able to choose their primary care provider type. Studies examining patient preferences among provider types are limited and ours is t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Knowing Your Worth: Salary Expectations and Gender of Matriculating Physician Assistant Students.

Journal Article J Physician Assist Educ · March 2018 PURPOSE: The male-female wage gap is present and persistent in the health care sector, even among physician assistants (PAs). Explanations for the persistent gender earnings gap include differential salary expectations of men and women based, in part, on w ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Program's Analysis of Communication Methods With Clinical Preceptors.

Journal Article J Physician Assist Educ · March 2018 PURPOSE: Preceptors value communication with physician assistant (PA) educational programs. This study describes preceptors' perspectives about one PA program's established and new communication strategies to promote preceptor development and retention. ME ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Job openings for PAs by specialty.

Journal Article JAAPA · January 2018 OBJECTIVE: Physician assistants (PAs) have adapted to roles in virtually every practice specialty. One factor that has affected PAs' specialty choices has been the availability of jobs. We describe 2014 job postings for PAs at the national level by practic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary care multidisciplinary teams in practice: a qualitative study.

Journal Article BMC Fam Pract · December 29, 2017 BACKGROUND: Current recommendations for strengthening the US healthcare system consider restructuring primary care into multidisciplinary teams as vital to improving quality and efficiency. Yet, approaches to the selection of team designs remain unclear. T ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Diffusion of PA innovation: Risk-taking vs. safe bet.

Journal Article JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants · June 2017 The physician assistant (PA) profession is a health workforce innovation. This article discusses whether, after 50 years, the PA profession is still an innovation. ... Full text Cite

Research on the PA profession: The medical model shifts.

Journal Article JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants · May 2017 Physician assistant (PA)-focused research arose in response to the idea that an assistant to the busy physician could improve healthcare delivery. The process of answering questions about the profession has involved multiple approaches and various scholarl ... Full text Cite

Scarcity of Primary Care Positions May Divert Physician Assistants Into Specialty Practice.

Journal Article Med Care Res Rev · February 2017 BACKGROUND: Physician assistants (PAs) are often suggested as a partial solution to predicted primary care workforce shortages, but a declining proportion of PAs are entering primary care practice. Policy efforts have focused on increasing primary care PA ... Full text Link to item Cite

Factors Associated With Having a Physician, Nurse Practitioner, or Physician Assistant as Primary Care Provider for Veterans With Diabetes Mellitus.

Journal Article Inquiry · January 1, 2017 Expanded use of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) is a potential solution to workforce issues, but little is known about how NPs and PAs can best be used. Our study examines whether medical and social complexity of patients is associ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary care physician assistant and advance practice nurses roles: Patient healthcare utilization, unmet need, and satisfaction.

Journal Article Healthc (Amst) · December 2016 PURPOSE: Team-based care involving physician assistants (PAs) and advance practice nurses (APNs) is one strategy for improving access and quality of care. PA/APNs perform a variety of roles on primary care teams. However, limited research describes the rel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Patient characteristics associated with primary care PA and APRN roles.

Journal Article JAAPA · December 2016 OBJECTIVES: Physician assistants (PAs) and advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) can perform multiple roles on primary care teams, but limited research describes the patients they serve. We sought to identify patient characteristics associated with r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dr Carek's Commentary on Training PAs and NPs.

Journal Article Fam Med · October 2016 Link to item Cite

Physician assistant specialty choice: Distribution, salaries, and comparison with physicians.

Journal Article JAAPA · July 2016 OBJECTIVES: To describe trends in physician assistant (PA) specialty distribution, compare these trends with physicians, and quantify the relationship of PA specialty prevalence with both PA and physician salary. METHODS: PA specialty and salary data were ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physician Assistant Job Satisfaction: A Narrative Review of Empirical Research.

Journal Article The journal of physician assistant education : the official journal of the Physician Assistant Education Association · December 2015 PurposeTo examine physician assistant (PA) job satisfaction and identify factors predicting job satisfaction and identify areas of needed research. With a global PA movement underway and a half-century in development, the empirical basis for infor ... Full text Cite

Facilitating Research in Physician Assistant Programs: Creating a Student-Level Longitudinal Database.

Journal Article J Physician Assist Educ · September 2015 As physician assistant (PA) roles expand and diversify in the United States and around the world, there is a pressing need for research that illuminates how PAs may best be selected, educated, and used in health systems to maximize their potential contribu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians in community health centers, 2006-2010.

Journal Article Healthc (Amst) · June 2015 PURPOSE: Community health centers (CHCs) fill a vital role in providing health care to underserved populations. This project compares characteristics of patient visits to nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), and physicians in CHCs. METHOD ... Full text Link to item Cite

Medication oversupply in patients with diabetes.

Journal Article Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP · May 2015 BackgroundStudies in integrated health systems suggest that patients often accumulate oversupplies of prescribed medications, which is associated with higher costs and hospitalization risk. However, predictors of oversupply are poorly understood, ... Full text Cite

Skill mix, roles and remuneration in the primary care workforce: who are the healthcare professionals in the primary care teams across the world?

Journal Article International journal of nursing studies · March 2015 World-wide, shortages of primary care physicians and an increased demand for services have provided the impetus for delivering team-based primary care. The diversity of the primary care workforce is increasing to include a wider range of health professiona ... Full text Cite

Time spent with patients by physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in community health centers, 2006-2010.

Journal Article Healthc (Amst) · December 2014 BACKGROUND: As health systems struggle to meet access, cost and quality goals in the setting of increased demand, nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) are expected to help meet the need for care. The amount of time spent with each patie ... Full text Link to item Cite

The roles of primary care PAs and NPs caring for older adults with diabetes.

Journal Article JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants · April 2014 Electronic health record data linked with Medicare data from an academic physician group were used to propose a multidimensional characterization of PA and NP roles on panels of primary care patients with diabetes. Seven PA and NP roles were defined based ... Full text Cite

Commentaries on health services research.

Journal Article JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants · February 2014 Full text Cite

Physician assistants and nurse practitioners perform effective roles on teams caring for Medicare patients with diabetes.

Journal Article Health affairs (Project Hope) · November 2013 One approach to the patient-centered medical home, particularly for patients with chronic illnesses, is to include physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) on primary care teams. Using Medicare claims and electronic health record data from ... Full text Cite

Division of primary care services between physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners for older patients with diabetes.

Journal Article Medical care research and review : MCRR · October 2013 Team-based care involving physician assistants and/or nurse practitioners (PA/NPs) in the patient-centered medical home is one approach to improving care quality. However, little is known about how to incorporate PA/NPs into primary care teams. Using data ... Full text Cite

Lipid testing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and key cardiovascular-related comorbidities: a medicare analysis.

Journal Article Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · August 2012 ObjectiveFor patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and comorbid cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, or hyperlipidemia, annual lipid testing is recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality from comorbidities. Given trends encouraging complex ... Full text Cite

Receipt of monitoring of diabetes mellitus in older adults with comorbid dementia.

Journal Article Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · April 2012 ObjectivesTo examine the extent to which receipt of recommended monitoring of diabetes mellitus (DM) differed for participants with and without comorbid dementia, as well as the effect of other comorbidities on monitoring of DM in individuals with ... Full text Cite

The contributions of physician assistants in primary care systems.

Journal Article Health & social care in the community · January 2012 Shortages of primary care doctors are occurring globally; one means of meeting this demand has been the use of physician assistants (PAs). Introduced in the United States in the late 1960s to address doctor shortages, the PA movement has grown to over 75,0 ... Full text Cite

Reply

Journal Article Arthritis and Rheumatism · November 1, 2011 Full text Cite

Predictive modeling the physician assistant supply: 2010-2025.

Journal Article Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · September 2011 ObjectiveA component of health-care reform in 2010 identified physician assistants (PAs) as needed to help mitigate the expected doctor shortage. We modeled their number to predict rational estimates for workforce planners.MethodsThe numb ... Full text Cite

Effect of patient selection method on provider group performance estimates.

Journal Article Medical care · August 2011 BackgroundPerformance measurement at the provider group level is increasingly advocated, but different methods for selecting patients when calculating provider group performance have received little evaluation.ObjectiveWe compared 2 curre ... Full text Cite

Low frequency of primary lipid screening among medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Journal Article Arthritis and rheumatism · May 2011 ObjectiveAlthough studies have demonstrated suboptimal preventive care in RA patients, performance of primary lipid screening (i.e., testing before cardiovascular disease [CVD], CVD risk equivalents, or hyperlipidemia is evident) has not been syst ... Full text Cite

Physician assistants and nurse practitioners as a usual source of care.

Journal Article The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · January 2009 PurposeTo identify characteristics and outcomes of patients who use physician assistants and nurse practitioners (PA/NPs) as a usual source of care.MethodsCross sectional analysis using the telephone and mail surveys of the Wisconsin Long ... Full text Cite