Brent A. Hanks
Associate Professor of Medicine
We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that cancers have evolved to suppress the generation of tumor antigen-specific immune responses and how this knowledge can be exploited for the development of novel and more effective cancer immunotherapy strategies. This work involves the utilization of both autochthonous transgenic tumor model systems as well as clinical specimens to develop novel strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies while also developing predictive biomarkers to better guide the management of cancer patients with these agents. We strive to translate our understanding of the fundamental biochemical and metabolic pathways within the tumor microenvironment that are critical for driving immune evasion and resistance into early phase clinical trial testing.
Our work utilizes a variety of techniques and methodologies that span the breadth of basic biological research. This work integrates studies based on both 1) transgenic mouse tumor models that are monitored using bioluminescence and micro-CT imaging and 2) a variety of clinical specimens.
Our work utilizes a variety of techniques and methodologies that span the breadth of basic biological research. This work integrates studies based on both 1) transgenic mouse tumor models that are monitored using bioluminescence and micro-CT imaging and 2) a variety of clinical specimens.
Our current areas of focus include:
- Investigating mechanisms of adaptive or acquired immunotherapy resistance in cancer
- Studying the relationship between EMT pathways and immunotherapy resistance.
- Elucidating mechanisms of dendritic cell tolerization in the tumor microenvironment and how these processes may contribute to immunotherapy resistance
- Development of novel pharmacologic and genetic strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance
- Investigating mechanisms contributing to select immunotherapy-associated toxicities
Current Research Interests
Our current areas of focus include:
- Investigating mechanisms of adaptive or acquired immunotherapy resistance in cancer
- Studying the relationship between EMT and immunotherapy resistance
- Elucidating mechanisms of dendritic cell tolerization in the tumor microenvironment and how these processes may contribute to immunotherapy resistance
- Development of novel pharmacologic and genetic strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance
- Investigating mechanisms contributing to select immunotherapy-associated toxicities
Office Hours
Clinic Hours: Thursdays, 8:30 AM - 5:00 PM
Academic Office Hours: by appointment
Academic Office Hours: by appointment
Current Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Medical Oncology, Medicine 2020
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Basic Science Departments 2018
- Member of the Duke Cancer Institute, Duke Cancer Institute, Institutes and Centers 2013
Contact Information
- 308 Research Drive, Lsrc, Room C162, Durham, NC 27708
- Lsrc, Box 91004, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27708
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hanks004@mc.duke.edu
(919) 684-1995
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Hanks Lab
- Background
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Education, Training, & Certifications
- Fellowship, Hematology/Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine 2008 - 2012
- Internship and Residency, Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine 2006 - 2008
- M.D., Baylor College of Medicine 2006
- Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine 2004
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Medical Licensure
- 2012-01459. North Carolina. 2012
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Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Medical Oncology, Medicine 2012 - 2020
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Leadership & Clinical Positions at Duke
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Associate Director of Basic and Translational Research, Duke Center for Cancer Immunotherapy
Associate Director of Translational Sciences, Melanoma Program
Focus Group Leader, DCI Immuno-Oncology Program, Immune Evasion in the Tumor Microenvironment
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- Recognition
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In the News
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NOV 28, 2022 Duke Health News -
JAN 16, 2018 -
AUG 24, 2017 -
MAY 10, 2017
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Awards & Honors
- ASCO/CCF Advanced Clinical Research Award in Tumor Immunotherapy. ASCO/CCF. 2021
- Department of Medicine Basic and Translational Research Mentoring Award. Duke Department of Medicine. 2019
- Duke Strong Start Award. Duke School of Medicine. 2019
- William Dalton Family Endowed Assistant Professorship. Duke Department of Medicine. 2019
- Young Physician Scientist Award. American Society for Clinical Investigation. 2019
- Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy Young Investigator Award. Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy. 2016
- Duke Scholar Award . Duke University Health System. 2016
- National Finalist Stand-Up To Cancer-Merck Catalyst Award. SU2C. 2016
- DCI Pilot Research Award. Duke Cancer Institute. 2015
- Melanoma Research Alliance Young Investigator Award. Melanoma Research Alliance, DCI, Frank Courtney . 2013
- American Society Clinical Oncology Merit Award. ASCO. 2012
- Expertise
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Subject Headings
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL22
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Dendritic Cells
- Disease-Free Survival
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
- Melanoma
- Melanoma, Experimental
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms
- Prognosis
- Proteoglycans
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Global Scholarship
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Expertise
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- Research
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Selected Grants
- Role of the tumor NLRP3 inflammasome in the generation of anti-PD-1 antibody immunotherapy-associated toxicities awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2026
- Integrated analysis of a NLRP3-dependent adaptive resistance mechanism to pembrolizumab immunotherapy in advanced gastroesophageal cancer awarded by Merck Sharp & Dohme 2022 - 2026
- Exicure AST-008-102 awarded by Exicure, Inc 2020 - 2025
- Exploration of Tumor-Intrinsic NLRP3 Signaling Regulators awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2025
- Targeting convergent oncogenic signaling during AR inhibition to overcome metastasis and immune evasion in prostate cancer awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2025
- Overcoming Anti-PD-1 Resistance in Melanoma by Targeting Immunologic Mediators of the Gli2 Pathway awarded by The Melanoma Research Foundation 2022 - 2024
- Investigating the Role of a Novel Dendritic Cell Subset within Sentinel Lymph Node Tissues in Immune Evasion and Melanomagenesis awarded by Department of Defense 2021 - 2024
- Role of Tumor-mediated Innate Training in the Pathogenesis of Immune-related Adverse Events awarded by Cancer Research Institute 2022 - 2024
- Clinical Biomarker Study of the Tumor NLRP3 Inflammasome and its Role in Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Resistance awarded by Conquer Cancer Foundation 2021 - 2024
- Tumor-derived Exosome Induction of Dendritic Cell Tolerization awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2023
- HSP70-TLR4-mediated MDSC Recruitment as an Adaptive Resistance awarded by Merck Sharp & Dohme 2019 - 2023
- Duke CTSA (TL1) Year 5 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Investigation of a Novel PD-L1:NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Pathway as a Driver of Metastatic Recurrence awarded by Merck Sharp & Dohme 2019 - 2022
- Targeting the p38/Snail/PD-L1 axis in hormone-therapy resistance and metastasis awarded by Department of Defense 2018 - 2022
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Study Agreement awarded by Merck 2015 - 2022
- T32 UNC - Duke Immunotherapy Training Program awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2021 - 2022
- Investigating the Role of EMT-mediated Dendritic Cell Tolerization in Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance awarded by Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation 2018 - 2022
- Investigating the Immunotherapeutic Properties of the DKK1 Antibody, DKN-01, in Pre-Clinical Models of Melanoma awarded by Leap Therapeutics, Inc. 2018 - 2022
- Investigating the Impact of TPST-1120 PPAR ¿ Inhibition on Anti-PD-1 Antibody Immunotherapy Efficacy in Pre-Clinical Melanoma Models awarded by Tempest Therapeutics 2018 - 2021
- MERKLIN-2 awarded by 4SC 2020 - 2021
- CITN-09 A Phase II Study of MK-3475 in Patients with Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2016 - 2021
- Investigating the Combination PORCN Inhibitor, ETC-159, and Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy in Pre-Clinical Cancer Models awarded by Agency for Science, Technology and Research 2018 - 2020
- Melanoma-mediated Dendritic Cell Tolerization and Immune Evasion awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2020
- Metabolic Reprogramming of Dendritic Cell-based Cancer Vaccines to Enhance Anti-Tumor Immunity awarded by Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy 2016 - 2020
- Awakening the dormant tumor: the role of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer recurrence awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2019
- CITN-07 A Phase II, Open-label, Multicenter, Randomized Study of CDX-1401, a Dendritic Cell Targeting NY-ESO-1 Vaccine, in Patients with Malignant Melanoma Pre-Treated with Recombinant CDX-301, a Recombinant Human Flt3 Ligand awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2014 - 2018
- Investigation of the FZD8-Fc Wnt Ligand Antagonist and the Fzd Receptor Monoclonal Antibody in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Pre-Clinical Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Col awarded by OncoMed Pharmaceuticals 2015 - 2018
- Phase II Pilot Trial of an Indoleamine 2, 3,diosygenase -1 (IDO1) Inhibitor (INCBO24360) Plus a Multipeptide Melanoma Vaccine (MELTAC 12.1) in Patients with Advanced Melanoma (CITN-04) awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2017 - 2018
- Investigating Oncogenic Signaling Pathways that Drive Wnt Ligand-mediated Immune Tolerance in Melanoma awarded by Conquer Cancer Foundation 2017 - 2018
- Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer awarded by North Carolina Biotechnology Center 2017 - 2018
- A phase 1 / 2 randomized, blinded, placebo controlled study of Ipilimumab in combination with INCB024360 or placebo in unresectable or metastatic melanoma awarded by Incyte Corporation 2013 - 2017
- A Phase II, Open-label, Multicenter, Randomized Study of CDX-1401, a Dendritic Cell Targeting NY-ESO-1 Vaccine, in Patients with Malignant Melanoma Pre-Treated with Recombinant CDX-301, a Recombinant awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2015 - 2017
- Phase II Pilot Trial of an Indoleamine 2, 3,diosygenase -1 ( IDO1) Inhibitor (INCBO24360) Plus a Multipeptide Melanoma Vaccine ( MELTAC 12.1 ) in Patients with Advanced Melanoma awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2015 - 2017
- Therapeutic Targeting of the TGF-beta Signaling Axis to Modulate the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Enhance Melanoma Immunotherapy awarded by Melanoma Research Alliance 2013 - 2017
- Investigation of TEW-7197 in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in the BRAFV600E-PTEN-/- Melanoma Model awarded by MedPacto, Inc 2014 - 2015
- A phase II pilot trial of an Indoleamine2,3, dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) Inhibitor (INCB024360) plus a multipeptide melanoma vaccine (MELITAC 12.1) in patients with advanced melanoma. awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2013 - 2014
- A phase II, open-label, multicenter, randomized study of CDX-1401 a Dendritic Cell targeting NY-ESO-1 vaccine, in patients with malignant melanoma pre-treated with recombinant CDX-301, a recombinant human F1t3 ligand awarded by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2013 - 2014
- Role of Type III TGF-b Receptor in Mediating Immunosuppression During Breast Cancer Progression awarded by Department of Defense 2010 - 2013
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External Relationships
- A*STAR Singapore
- Compugen Ltd.
- G1 Therapeutics, Inc.
- Leap Therapeutics
- Merck & Co. USA (not assoc'd with Merck KGaA)
- Novartis
- PSI CRO Deutschland GmbH
- Sanofi-Aventis
- TD2
- Tempest Therapeutics
- Publications & Artistic Works
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Selected Publications
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Academic Articles
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Theivanthiran, Balamayooran, Nagendra Yarla, Tarek Haykal, Y-Van Nguyen, Linda Cao, Michelle Ferreira, Alisha Holtzhausen, et al. “Tumor-intrinsic NLRP3-HSP70-TLR4 axis drives premetastatic niche development and hyperprogression during anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.” Sci Transl Med 14, no. 672 (November 23, 2022): eabq7019. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abq7019.Full Text Link to Item
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Rhodin, Kristen E., Elizabeth M. Gaughan, Vignesh Raman, April K. Salama, Brent A. Hanks, Riddhishkumar Shah, Douglas S. Tyler, Craig L. Slingluff, and Georgia M. Beasley. “Multicenter Experience with Neoadjuvant Therapy in Melanoma Highlights Heterogeneity in Contemporary Practice.” Ann Surg, July 7, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000005459.Full Text Link to Item
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Oswalt, Cameron J., Rami N. Al-Rohil, Bala Theivanthiran, Tarek Haykal, April K. S. Salama, Nicholas C. DeVito, Alisha Holtzhausen, Dennis C. Ko, and Brent A. Hanks. “Identification of a Germline Pyrin Variant in a Metastatic Melanoma Patient With Multiple Spontaneous Regressions and Immune-related Adverse Events.” J Immunother 45, no. 6 (July 2022): 284–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0000000000000425.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Hanks, Brent A. “The "Inside" Story on Tumor-Expressed PD-L1.” Cancer Res 82, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 2069–71. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-1060.Full Text Link to Item
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DiMarco, Ashley V., Xiaodi Qin, Brock J. McKinney, Nina Marie G. Garcia, Sarah C. Van Alsten, Elizabeth A. Mendes, Jeremy Force, et al. “APOBEC Mutagenesis Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth through Induction of T cell-Mediated Antitumor Immune Responses.” Cancer Immunol Res 10, no. 1 (January 2022): 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-0146.Full Text Link to Item
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Isaacs, James, Aaron C. Tan, Brent A. Hanks, Xiaofei Wang, Kouros Owzar, James E. Herndon, Scott J. Antonia, Steven Piantadosi, and Mustafa Khasraw. “Clinical Trials with Biologic Primary Endpoints in Immuno-oncology: Concepts and Usage.” Clin Cancer Res 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-1593.Full Text Link to Item
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Martin-Orozco, Elena, Lisheng Wang, Shilpak Chatterjee, and Brent A. Hanks. “Editorial: Signaling pathways behind immune evasion and therapy resistance.” Front Immunol 13 (2022): 1104167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104167.Full Text Link to Item
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Chakraborty, Binita, Jovita Byemerwa, Jonathan Shepherd, Corinne N. Haines, Robert Baldi, Weida Gong, Wen Liu, et al. “Inhibition of estrogen signaling in myeloid cells increases tumor immunity in melanoma.” J Clin Invest 131, no. 23 (December 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI151347.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Theivanthiran, Balamayooran, Tarek Haykal, Linda Cao, Alisha Holtzhausen, Michael Plebanek, Nicholas C. DeVito, and Brent A. Hanks. “Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance by Targeting the Tumor-Intrinsic NLRP3-HSP70 Signaling Axis.” Cancers (Basel) 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13194753.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Atkins, Michael B., Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski, David E. Fisher, Susan M. Swetter, Hensin Tsao, Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso, Maria S. Soengas, et al. “The State of Melanoma: Emergent Challenges and Opportunities.” Clin Cancer Res 27, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2678–97. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-4092.Full Text Link to Item
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DeVito, Nicholas C., Michael Sturdivant, Balamayooran Thievanthiran, Christine Xiao, Michael P. Plebanek, April K. S. Salama, Georgia M. Beasley, et al. “Pharmacological Wnt ligand inhibition overcomes key tumor-mediated resistance pathways to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.” Cell Rep 35, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 109071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109071.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Nghiem, Paul, Shailender Bhatia, Evan J. Lipson, William H. Sharfman, Ragini R. Kudchadkar, Andrew S. Brohl, Philip A. Friedlander, et al. “Three-year survival, correlates and salvage therapies in patients receiving first-line pembrolizumab for advanced Merkel cell carcinoma.” J Immunother Cancer 9, no. 4 (April 2021). https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002478.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Salama, April K. S., Manisha Palta, Christel N. Rushing, M Angelica Selim, Kristen N. Linney, Brian G. Czito, David S. Yoo, et al. “Ipilimumab and Radiation in Patients with High-risk Resected or Regionally Advanced Melanoma.” Clin Cancer Res 27, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1287–95. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2452.Full Text Link to Item
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Strickler, John H., Brent A. Hanks, and Mustafa Khasraw. “Tumor Mutational Burden as a Predictor of Immunotherapy Response: Is More Always Better?” Clin Cancer Res 27, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1236–41. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3054.Full Text Link to Item
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Beasley, Georgia M., Aaron D. Therien, Eda K. Holl, Rami Al-Rohil, Maria Angelica Selim, Nellie E. Farrow, Liuliu Pan, et al. “Dissecting the immune landscape of tumor draining lymph nodes in melanoma with high-plex spatially resolved protein detection.” Cancer Immunol Immunother 70, no. 2 (February 2021): 475–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02698-2.Full Text Link to Item
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DeVito, Nicholas C., Colm Kelleher, Kyle C. Strickland, James Abbruzzese, Carey Anders, Brent A. Hanks, Jingquan Jia, et al. “A case report of microsatellite instability (MSI)-high, HER2 amplified pancreatic adenocarcinoma with central nervous system metastasis.” Ame Case Rep 5 (2021): 14. https://doi.org/10.21037/acr-20-154.Full Text Link to Item
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Bhardwaj, Nina, Philip A. Friedlander, Anna C. Pavlick, Marc S. Ernstoff, Brian R. Gastman, Brent A. Hanks, Brendan D. Curti, et al. “Flt3 ligand augments immune responses to anti-DEC-205-NY-ESO-1 vaccine through expansion of dendritic cell subsets.” Nat Cancer 1, no. 12 (December 2020): 1204–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-00143-y.Full Text Link to Item
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Hu-Lieskovan, Siwen, Srabani Bhaumik, Kavita Dhodapkar, Jean-Charles J. B. Grivel, Sumati Gupta, Brent A. Hanks, Sylvia Janetzki, et al. “SITC cancer immunotherapy resource document: a compass in the land of biomarker discovery.” J Immunother Cancer 8, no. 2 (December 2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-000705.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Ravichandran, Surya, Neel Nath, David C. Jones, Gabriel Li, Visakha Suresh, Adam K. Brys, Brent A. Hanks, et al. “The utility of initial staging PET-CT as a baseline scan for surveillance imaging in stage II and III melanoma.” Surg Oncol 35 (December 2020): 533–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2020.10.018.Full Text Link to Item
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Hu, Janice B., Surya Ravichandran, Christel Rushing, Georgia M. Beasley, Brent A. Hanks, Sin-Ho Jung, April K. S. Salama, Lisa Ho, and Paul J. Mosca. “Higher BMI, But Not Sarcopenia, Is Associated With Pembrolizumab-related Toxicity in Patients With Advanced Melanoma.” Anticancer Res 40, no. 9 (September 2020): 5245–54. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.14528.Full Text Link to Item
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Plebanek, Michael P., Michael Sturdivant, Nicholas C. DeVito, and Brent A. Hanks. “Role of dendritic cell metabolic reprogramming in tumor immune evasion.” Int Immunol 32, no. 7 (June 26, 2020): 485–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaa036.Full Text Link to Item
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Theivanthiran, Balamayoora, Kathy S. Evans, Nicholas C. DeVito, Michael Plebanek, Michael Sturdivant, Luke P. Wachsmuth, April Ks Salama, et al. “A tumor-intrinsic PD-L1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway drives resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.” J Clin Invest 130, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2570–86. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI133055.Full Text Link to Item
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Mowery, Yvonne M., Kirtesh Patel, Mudit Chowdhary, Christel N. Rushing, Kingshuk Roy Choudhury, Jared R. Lowe, Adam C. Olson, et al. “Retrospective analysis of safety and efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy and radiation therapy in advanced melanoma: A bi-institutional study.” Radiother Oncol 138 (September 2019): 114–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2019.06.013.Full Text Link to Item
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Puza, Charles J., Elizabeth Schell Bressler, Alicia M. Terando, John Harrison Howard, Michael C. Brown, Brent Hanks, April K. S. Salama, and Georgia M. Beasley. “The Emerging Role of Surgery for Patients With Advanced Melanoma Treated With Immunotherapy.” The Journal of Surgical Research 236 (April 2019): 209–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.11.045.Full Text
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Gibney, Geoffrey T., Omid Hamid, Jose Lutzky, Anthony J. Olszanski, Tara C. Mitchell, Thomas F. Gajewski, Bartosz Chmielowski, et al. “Phase 1/2 study of epacadostat in combination with ipilimumab in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.” J Immunother Cancer 7, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0562-8.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Nghiem, Paul, Shailender Bhatia, Evan J. Lipson, William H. Sharfman, Ragini R. Kudchadkar, Andrew S. Brohl, Phillip A. Friedlander, et al. “Durable Tumor Regression and Overall Survival in Patients With Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma Receiving Pembrolizumab as First-Line Therapy.” J Clin Oncol 37, no. 9 (March 20, 2019): 693–702. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.18.01896.Full Text Link to Item
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Kwak, Minyoung, Norma E. Farrow, April K. S. Salama, Paul J. Mosca, Brent A. Hanks, Craig L. Slingluff, and Georgia M. Beasley. “Updates in adjuvant systemic therapy for melanoma.” J Surg Oncol 119, no. 2 (January 2019): 222–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25298.Full Text Link to Item
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DeVito, Nicholas C., Michael P. Plebanek, Bala Theivanthiran, and Brent A. Hanks. “Role of Tumor-Mediated Dendritic Cell Tolerization in Immune Evasion.” Front Immunol 10 (2019): 2876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02876.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Zhao, Fei, Kathy Evans, Christine Xiao, Nicholas DeVito, Balamayooran Theivanthiran, Alisha Holtzhausen, Peter J. Siska, Gerard C. Blobe, and Brent A. Hanks. “Stromal Fibroblasts Mediate Anti-PD-1 Resistance via MMP-9 and Dictate TGFβ Inhibitor Sequencing in Melanoma.” Cancer Immunol Res 6, no. 12 (December 2018): 1459–71. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0086.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Zhao, Fei, Christine Xiao, Kathy S. Evans, Tbalamayooran Theivanthiran, Nicholas DeVito, Alisha Holtzhausen, Juan Liu, et al. “Paracrine Wnt5a-β-Catenin Signaling Triggers a Metabolic Program that Drives Dendritic Cell Tolerization.” Immunity 48, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 147-160.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.12.004.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Gnjatic, Sacha, Vincenzo Bronte, Laura Rosa Brunet, Marcus O. Butler, Mary L. Disis, Jérôme Galon, Leif G. Hakansson, et al. “Identifying baseline immune-related biomarkers to predict clinical outcome of immunotherapy.” J Immunother Cancer 5 (2017): 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-017-0243-4.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Qin, Rosie, Adam Olson, Bhavana Singh, Samantha Thomas, Steven Wolf, Nrupen A. Bhavsar, Brent A. Hanks, Joseph K. Salama, and April K. S. Salama. “Safety and Efficacy of Radiation Therapy in Advanced Melanoma Patients Treated With Ipilimumab.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 96, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.04.017.Full Text Link to Item
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Hanks, Brent A. “Immune evasion pathways and the design of dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines.” Discov Med 21, no. 114 (February 2016): 135–42.Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Barina, Andrew R., Mustafa R. Bashir, Brandon A. Howard, Brent A. Hanks, April K. Salama, and Tracy A. Jaffe. “Isolated recto-sigmoid colitis: a new imaging pattern of ipilimumab-associated colitis.” Abdom Radiol (Ny) 41, no. 2 (February 2016): 207–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0560-3.Full Text Link to Item
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Lowe, Jared R., Daniel J. Perry, April K. S. Salama, Clayton E. Mathews, Larry G. Moss, and Brent A. Hanks. “Genetic risk analysis of a patient with fulminant autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus secondary to combination ipilimumab and nivolumab immunotherapy.” J Immunother Cancer 4 (2016): 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-016-0196-z.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Holtzhausen, Alisha, Fei Zhao, Kathy S. Evans, Masahito Tsutsui, Ciriana Orabona, Douglas S. Tyler, and Brent A. Hanks. “Melanoma-Derived Wnt5a Promotes Local Dendritic-Cell Expression of IDO and Immunotolerance: Opportunities for Pharmacologic Enhancement of Immunotherapy.” Cancer Immunol Res 3, no. 9 (September 2015): 1082–95. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0167.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Bostwick, A Doran, April K. Salama, and Brent A. Hanks. “Rapid complete response of metastatic melanoma in a patient undergoing ipilimumab immunotherapy in the setting of active ulcerative colitis.” J Immunother Cancer 3 (2015): 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-015-0064-2.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Jiang, Betty S., Georgia M. Beasley, Paul J. Speicher, Paul J. Mosca, Michael A. Morse, Brent Hanks, April Salama, and Douglas S. Tyler. “Immunotherapy following regional chemotherapy treatment of advanced extremity melanoma.” Ann Surg Oncol 21, no. 8 (August 2014): 2525–31. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3671-0.Full Text Link to Item
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Holtzhausen, Alisha, Fei Zhao, Kathy S. Evans, and Brent A. Hanks. “Early Carcinogenesis Involves the Establishment of Immune Privilege via Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1: Translational Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy.” Front Immunol 5 (2014): 438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00438.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Hanks, Brent A., Alisha Holtzhausen, Katherine S. Evans, Rebekah Jamieson, Petra Gimpel, Olivia M. Campbell, Melissa Hector-Greene, et al. “Type III TGF-β receptor downregulation generates an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment.” J Clin Invest 123, no. 9 (September 2013): 3925–40. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI65745.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Morse, Michael A., Brent A. Hanks, Paul Suhocki, Phuong L. Doan, Emily A. Liu, Patricia Frost, Stephen A. Bernard, Andrea Tsai, Dominic T. Moore, and Bert H. O’Neil. “Improved time to progression for transarterial chemoembolization compared with transarterial embolization for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.” Clin Colorectal Cancer 11, no. 3 (September 2012): 185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2011.11.003.Full Text Link to Item
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Hanks, B. A., O. M. Campbell, J. D. Lee, M. Morse, T. M. Clay, H. K. Lyerly, and G. C. Blobe. “Role of the type III TGF-β receptor in modulating antitumor immunity during breast cancer progression.” J Clin Oncol 29, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2011): 10540.Link to Item
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Hanks, Brent A., and Michael A. Morse. “Pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ as a strategy to augment the antitumor immune response.” Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11, no. 12 (December 2010): 1342–53.Link to Item
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Hanks, B. A., P. V. Suhocki, D. M. DeLong, P. L. Doan, E. Liu, A. L. Tsai, C. T. Burke, S. A. Bernard, B. H. O’Neil, and M. A. Morse. “The efficacy and tolerability of transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE) compared with transarterial embolization (TAE) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).” J Clin Oncol 26, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2008): 4595.Link to Item
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Hanks, B. A., P. V. Suhocki, D. M. DeLong, P. L. Doan, E. Liu, A. L. Tsai, C. T. Burke, S. A. Bernard, B. H. O’Neil, and M. A. Morse. “The efficacy and tolerability of transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE) compared with transarterial embolization (TAE) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).” Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2008): 4595–4595. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4595.Full Text
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Lapteva, Natalia, Mamatha R. Seethammagari, Brent A. Hanks, Jianghong Jiang, Jonathan M. Levitt, Kevin M. Slawin, and David M. Spencer. “Enhanced activation of human dendritic cells by inducible CD40 and Toll-like receptor-4 ligation.” Cancer Res 67, no. 21 (November 1, 2007): 10528–37. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0833.Full Text Link to Item
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Hanks, Brent A., Jianghong Jiang, Rana A. K. Singh, Weitao Song, Michael Barry, Mary H. Huls, Kevin M. Slawin, and David M. Spencer. “Re-engineered CD40 receptor enables potent pharmacological activation of dendritic-cell cancer vaccines in vivo.” Nat Med 11, no. 2 (February 2005): 130–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1183.Full Text Link to Item
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Soman, K. V., B. A. Hanks, H. Tien, M. V. Chari, K. D. O’Neal, and J. D. Morrisett. “Template-based docking of a prolactin receptor proline-rich motif octapeptide to FKBP12: implications for cytokine receptor signaling.” Protein Sci 6, no. 5 (May 1997): 999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560060505.Full Text Link to Item
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Javid-Majd, F., M. A. Stapleton, M. F. Harmon, B. A. Hanks, L. S. Mullins, and F. M. Raushel. “Comparison of the functional differences for the homologous residues within the carboxy phosphate and carbamate domains of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.” Biochemistry 35, no. 45 (November 12, 1996): 14362–69. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi961184q.Full Text Link to Item
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Stapleton, M. A., F. Javid-Majd, M. F. Harmon, B. A. Hanks, J. L. Grahmann, L. S. Mullins, and F. M. Raushel. “Role of conserved residues within the carboxy phosphate domain of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.” Biochemistry 35, no. 45 (November 12, 1996): 14352–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi961183y.Full Text Link to Item
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Kirchhoff, P. D., M. B. Bass, B. A. Hanks, J. M. Briggs, Andre Collet, and J. A. McCammon. “Structural Fluctuations of a Cryptophane Host: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 118, no. 13 (January 1, 1996): 3237–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja953772h.Full Text
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Book Sections
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DeVito, N., M. A. Morse, B. Hanks, and J. M. Clarke. “Immune Checkpoint Combinations with Inflammatory Pathway Modulators.” In Current Cancer Research, 219–41, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63757-0_8.Full Text
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Conference Papers
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George, D. J., E. Moore, G. C. Blobe, N. DeVito, B. A. Hanks, M. R. Harrison, C. J. Hoimes, et al. “923P Molecular classification of cancers of unknown primary expands and refines treatment options.” In Annals of Oncology, 33:S968–69. Elsevier BV, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.1048.Full Text
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Kennedy, Lucy, Amanda E. D. Van Swearingen, Jeff Sheng, Dadong Zhang, Xiaodi Qin, Eric S. Lipp, Swaminathan Kumar, et al. “An immunogenomic analysis of melanoma brain metastases (MBM) compared to extracranial metastases (ECM).” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39:9521–9521. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2021. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.9521.Full Text
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Rhodin, Kristen E., Elizabeth M. Gaughan, Vignesh Raman, April K. Salama, Brent A. Hanks, Riddhishkumar Shah, Douglas S. Tyler, Craig L Jr Slingluff, and Georgia M. Beasley. “Complete Pathologic Response Predicts Disease-Free Survival for Melanoma Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Therapy.” In Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 233:S246–S246, 2021.Link to Item
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DeVito, Nicholas, Michael Sturdivant, Luke Wachsmuth, John Strickler, Georgia Beasley, Rami Al-Rohil, April Salama, and Brent Hanks. “425 Investigation of Wnt ligand signaling regulators as a predictor of Anti-PD-1 response in metastatic melanoma.” In Regular and Young Investigator Award Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0425.Full Text
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Beasley, Georgia M., Eda K. Holl, Norma E. Farrow, Margaret G. Leddy, April K. Salama, Brent A. Hanks, and Smita K. Nair. “The immune profile of sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma.” In Cancer Research, 80:51–52, 2020.Link to Item
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Theivanthiran, Balamayooran, Kathy Evans, Nicholas DeVito, Michael Plebanek, Michael Sturdivant, Alisha Holtzhausen, Luke Wachsmuth, et al. “A tumor PD-L1-NLRP3 inflammasome signaling axis drives adaptive resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.” In Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Vol. 7. BMC, 2019.Link to Item
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Isaacs, James, Andrew B. Nixon, Emily Bolch, Katie Quinn, Kimberly Banks, Brent Allen Hanks, and John H. Strickler. “Blood-based genomic profiling of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to identify microsatellite instability (MSI-H), tumor mutational burden (TMB) and Wnt/B-Catenin pathway alterations in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 37:3552–3552. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2019. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.3552.Full Text
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Nghiem, Paul, Shailender Bhatia, Evan J. Lipson, William Howard Sharfman, Ragini Reiney Kudchadkar, Philip Adam Friedlander, Andrew Scott Brohl, et al. “Durable tumor regression and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced Merkel cell carcinoma (aMCC) receiving pembrolizumab as first-line therapy.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36:9506–9506. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.9506.Full Text
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Slingluff, Craig L., Steven Fling, Ileana S. Mauldin, Marc S. Ernstoff, Brent Allen Hanks, Keith A. Delman, David H. Lawson, Brian Gastman, Judith C. Kaiser, and Martin A. Cheever. “Pilot trial of an Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitor plus a multipeptide melanoma vaccine in patients with advanced melanoma.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36:3033–3033. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.3033.Full Text
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DeVito, Nicholas C., Christine Xiao, Fei Zhao, Kathy S. Evans, Bala Theivanthiran, John Lewicki, Tim Hoey, Herbert Hurwitz, John H. Strickler, and Brent Allen Hanks. “Paracrine wnt-β-catenin signaling inhibition as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab) therapy in a transgenic model of melanoma.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35:3053–3053. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.3053.Full Text
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Hanks, Brent Allen, Fei Zhao, Kathy Evans, Alisha Holtzhausen, Masahito Tsutsui, and Douglas Tyler. “Targeting the Wnt5a-β-catenin pathway in the melanoma microenvironment to augment checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33:3054–3054. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2015. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.3054.Full Text
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Hanks, Brent Allen, Alisha Holtzhausen, Kathy Evans, Michelle Heid, and Gerard C. Blobe. “Combinatorial TGF-β signaling blockade and anti-CTLA-4 antibody immunotherapy in a murine BRAFV600E-PTEN-/- transgenic model of melanoma.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32:3011–3011. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2014. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.3011.Full Text
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Hanks, Brent Allen, Alisha Holtzhausen, Petra Gimpel, Rebekah Jamieson, Olivia M. Campbell, Lihong Sun, Christina K. Augustine, et al. “Effect of the loss of the type III TGF beta receptor during tumor progression on tumor microenvironment: Preclinical development of TGF beta inhibition and TGF beta-related biomarkers to enhance immunotherapy efficacy.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 30. AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, 2012.Link to Item
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Hanks, B. A., J. D. Lee, M. Morse, T. M. Clay, H. K. Lyerly, and G. C. Blobe. “Role of the type III TGF-b receptor in mediating immunosuppression during breast cancer progression.” In Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28:10577–10577. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), 2010. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.10577.Full Text
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Lapteva, Natalia, Brent A. Hanks, Jianghong Jiang, Kevin M. Slawin, and David M. Spencer. “425. Translation of Enhanced Dendritic Cell Vaccines Using a CID-Inducible CD40 Receptor.” In Molecular Therapy, 13:S163–64. Elsevier BV, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.08.490.Full Text
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Hanks, B. A., J. H. Jiang, and D. M. Spencer. “Pharmacological regulation of dendritic cell activation: Enhancing cancer vaccine efficacy.” In Molecular Therapy, 9:S132–33, 2004.Link to Item
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Soman, K. V., B. A. Hanks, H. Tien, K. D. ONeal, M. V. Chari, and J. D. Morrisett. “Docking of the prolactin receptor proline-rich motif (PRM) to FKBP12: Implications for cytokine receptor signaling.” In Biophysical Journal, 72:TUPM4–TUPM4, 1997.Link to Item
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Hanks, B. A. “Design of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme using Brownian dynamics simulation: A novel therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease.” In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 212:150-CHED, 1996.Link to Item
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Bhardwaj, N., M. Ernstoff, B. Curti, B. A. Hanks, M. Albertini, J. Luke, M. Yellin, et al. “A Phase II Randomized Study of CDX-1401, a Dendritic Cell Targeting NY-ESO-1 Vaccine, in Patients with Malignant Melanoma Pre-Treated with Recombinant CDX-301, a Recombinant Human Flt3 Ligand,” n.d.
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Hanks, B. A. “A HSP-TLR-Wnt5a Paracrine Signaling Axis Drives CXCR2 Ligand Recruitment of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells and Represents a Novel Adaptive Resistance Mechanism to Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy.” In Https://Jitc.Biomedcentral.Com/Track/Pdf/10.1186/S40425 017 0288 4?Site=Jitc.Biomedcentral.Com, n.d.
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Thievanthiran, Bala, Nicholas DeVito, Kathy Evans, and B. A. Hanks. “Inflammasome-Wnt Ligand Signaling Axis Promotes Immune Escape During Anti-PD-1 Antibody Immunotherapy.” In Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. BioMed Central, n.d.
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Zhao, F., K. Evans, C. Xiao, A. Holtzhausen, and B. A. Hanks. “The Wnt5a-β-catenin Pathway Triggers a Metabolic Switch That Drives Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Activity and Dendritic Cell Tolerization in the Melanoma Microenvironment.” In Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 82:8–9. BioMed Central, n.d.Open Access Copy
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Zhao, F., K. Evans, C. Xiao, A. Holtzhausen, and B. A. Hanks. “The Wnt5a-β-catenin Pathway Triggers a Metabolic Switch That Drives Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Activity and Dendritic Cell Tolerization in the Melanoma Microenvironment.” In Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 82:8–9. BioMed Central, n.d.Open Access Copy
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Zhao, F., K. S. Evans, C. Xiao, and B. A. Hanks. “Tumor-mediated Metabolic Re-Programing of Dendritic Cells as a Fundamental Mechanism of Immune Tolerance and Immunotherapy Resistance.,” n.d.
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- Teaching & Mentoring
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Recent Courses
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Advising & Mentoring
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Current Mentees:
Instructor, Nicholas Devito, M.D.
Research Associate, Bala Theianthiran, Ph.D.
Research Associate, Nagendra Yarla, Ph.D.
Post-Doctoral Associate, Michael Plebenak, Ph.D.
Post-Doctoral Associate, Yue Xue, Ph.D.
Fellow: Tarek Haykal, M.D.
Resident: Michelle Ferreira, M.D.
Graduate Student: Mandy Wang, B.S.
Undergraduate Student: Linda Cao
Visiting Scholar: Hyungsoon Park, M.D.
Available to mentor:
- Faculty
- Fellow
- PhD
- Post-Doc
- Professional
- Resident
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Current Mentees:
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Teaching Activities
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Duke Hematology and Oncology Fellowship Program, Tumor Immunotherapy Lecture, Management of Melanoma Lecture.
Duke Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Course: Cancer as a Disease, Tumor Immunotherapy Lecture
Duke Medical School, Course: Immunology, assist with Tumor Immunotherapy Session
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Duke Hematology and Oncology Fellowship Program, Tumor Immunotherapy Lecture, Management of Melanoma Lecture.
- Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
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Presentations & Appearances
- Inflammasome-Wnt Ligand Signaling Axis Promotes Immune Escape During Anti-PD-1 Antibody Immunotherapy.. 2018 Annual Conference. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. November 7, 2018 2018
- Tumor-mediated Modulation of Immunometabolism as a Mechanism of Immunotherapy Resistance.. Immuno-Oncology Summit. CHI. August 27, 2018 - August 27, 2018 2018
- Investigating the Role of Innate Immunity in Adaptive Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomarkers and Immuno-Oncology World Congress. CHI. June 13, 2018 - June 13, 2018 2018
- Role of the Wnt-β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Tumor-mediated Immune Evasion and Immunotherapy Resistance. Duke-NUS. March 27, 2018 - March 29, 2018 2018
- Uncovering the Role of the Wnt-β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Driving Melanoma Immune Evasion and Immunotherapy Resistance. 2018 Duke Solid Tumor Therapeutics Program Annual Retreat.. Duke University. March 19, 2018 - March 19, 2018 2018
- Uncovering the Role of the Wnt-β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Driving Melanoma Immune Evasion and Immunotherapy Resistance. 2018 Pinnel Center Talk. Duke University. March 2, 2018 - March 2, 2018 2018
- The Immune System and Cancer: Mechanisms of Immune Suppression . ASCO-SITC Lecture. ASCO . June 1, 2017 - June 2, 2017 2017
- The Wnt5a-β-catenin Pathway Triggers a Metabolic Switch That Drives Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Activity and Dendritic Cell Tolerization in the Melanoma Microenvironment. . Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer 2016 Annual Meeting . Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC). November 11, 2016 - November 13, 2016 2016
- Targeting the TGF-β Signaling Pathway to Augment the Efficacy of Immunotherapy Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma.. 2nd Annual Summit on Melanoma. DAVA Oncology. September 18, 2015 - September 20, 2015 2015
- Basic Mechanisms of Tumor Immune Suppression. SITC Regional Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. May 29, 2015 - May 29, 2015 2015
- Modulating the Immune Response.. SITC Regional Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. October 3, 2014 - October 4, 2015 2014 - 2015
- Exploring Dendritic Cell-Targeted Immune Evasion Mechanisms in Melanoma: Developing Pharmacological Strategies to Synergistically Enhance Immunotherapy Efficacy. Georgia Regents University. August 22, 2014 - August 23, 2014 2014
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Service to the Profession
- Manuscript Reviewer. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy. 2014 2014
- Manuscript Reviewer. Frontiers in Immunology. 2014 2014
- Manuscript Reviewer. Journal of Clinical Investigation. January 1, 2014 - November 1, 2015 2014 - 2015
- Manuscript Reviewer. Plos One. January 1, 2013 - November 24, 2015 2013 - 2015
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Service to Duke
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Clinical Activities
- Manage patients with advanced skin cancers including melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. One full clinic day weekly. In-patient advanced skin cancer consults.
Some information on this profile has been compiled automatically from Duke databases and external sources. (Our About page explains how this works.) If you see a problem with the information, please write to Scholars@Duke and let us know. We will reply promptly.