Scholars@Duke
William Charles Hall

William Charles Hall

Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology
Neurobiology
wch@neuro.duke.edu
Box 3209 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
327D Bryan Res Bldg, Durham, NC 27710
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Selected Publications

A circuit model for saccadic suppression in the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurosci · February 9, 2011 Attenuation of visual activity in the superficial layers (SLs), stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, of the superior colliculus during saccades may contribute to reducing perceptual blur during saccades and also may help prevent subsequent unw ... Full text Link to item Cite

Exploring the superior colliculus in vitro.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · November 2009 The superior colliculus plays an important role in the translation of sensory signals that encode the location of objects in space into motor signals that encode vectors of the shifts in gaze direction called saccades. Since the late 1990s, our two laborat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Imaging synaptic inhibition throughout the brain via genetically targeted Clomeleon.

Journal Article Brain Cell Biol · August 2008 Here we survey a molecular genetic approach for imaging synaptic inhibition. This approach is based on measuring intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) with the fluorescent chloride indicator protein, Clomeleon. We first describe several differe ... Full text Link to item Cite

High-speed mapping of synaptic connectivity using photostimulation in Channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · May 8, 2007 To permit rapid optical control of brain activity, we have engineered multiple lines of transgenic mice that express the light-activated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in subsets of neurons. Illumination of ChR2-positive neurons in brain slices p ... Full text Link to item Cite

In vitro properties of neurons in the rat pretectal nucleus of the optic tract.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 2007 The nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) has been implicated in the initiation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) and in the modulation of visual activity during saccades. The present experiments demonstrate that these two functions are served by separate cell po ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identity of a pathway for saccadic suppression.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · April 17, 2007 Neurons in the superficial gray layer (SGS) of the superior colliculus receive visual input and excite intermediate layer (SGI) neurons that play a critical role in initiating rapid orienting movements of the eyes, called saccades. In the present study, tw ... Full text Link to item Cite

An in vitro study of horizontal connections in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurosci · May 3, 2006 Some models propose that the spatial and temporal distributions of premotor activity in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus are shaped by neuronal ensembles that give rise to local excitatory and distant inhibitory connections. One function p ... Full text Link to item Cite

On chronic fatigue syndrome.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · June 2004 Full text Link to item Cite

Organization of the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. I. Intrinsic vertical connections.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · April 2004 A pathway from the superficial visual layers to the intermediate premotor layers of the superior colliculus has been proposed to mediate visually guided orienting movements. In these experiments, we combined photostimulation using "caged" glutamate with in ... Full text Link to item Cite

The superior colliculus: New approaches for studying sensorimotor integration

Book · January 1, 2003 The Superior Colliculus: New Approaches for Studying Sensorimotor Integration discusses new experimental and theoretical approaches to investigating how the brain transforms sensory signals into the motor commands that are used to shift the direction of ga ... Cite

The intracollicular neuronal network

Chapter · January 1, 2003 While many types of experiments have confirmed that the superior colliculus contributes to the initiation of orienting movements, very little is known at the cellular level about how its intrinsic circuitry performs this function. We currently are addressi ... Cite

Excitatory and inhibitory circuitry in the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 15, 2001 Stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus receives a dense cholinergic input from the parabigeminal nucleus. In this study, we examined in vitro the modulatory influence of acetylcholine (ACh) on the responses of SGS neurons that projec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Disinhibition in rat superior colliculus mediated by GABAc receptors.

Journal Article J Neurosci · January 15, 2001 The stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus contains a high concentration of the recently described GABA(C) receptor. In a previous study, it was postulated that activation of these receptors on inhibitory interneurons functions to di ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contribution of superficial layer neurons to premotor bursts in the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 2000 In vitro whole-cell patch-clamp methods were used to examine the contribution of one component of intracollicular circuitry, the superficial gray layer, to the generation of bursts of action potentials that occur in the intermediate layer and that command ... Full text Link to item Cite

Patch clamp analysis of synaptic circuitry in the superior colliculus

Journal Article Singapore Medical Journal · February 1, 2000 Background: Patch-clamp recording in brain slices is a powerful method for investigating the neural circuitry of the central nervous system. Applying this approach to a visuomotor center, the superior colliculus, has allowed us to address the fundamental q ... Cite

Cholinergic projections to the visual thalamus and superior colliculus.

Journal Article Brain Res · November 13, 1999 The parabrachial region of the brainstem reticular formation projects to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. We used the retrograde axonal transport of two fluorescent labels ... Full text Link to item Cite

Local excitatory circuits in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · March 1999 We have used photostimulation and whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques to examine local synaptic interactions in slices from the superior colliculus of the tree shrew. Uncaging glutamate 10-75 microm from the somata of neurons in the intermediate gr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of intrinsic synaptic circuitry in collicular sensorimotor integration.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · November 25, 1997 The superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus contains a map that represents the visual field, whereas the underlying intermediate gray layer contains a vector map of the saccades that shift the direction of gaze. These two maps are aligned so that ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reciprocal connections between the zona incerta and the pretectum and superior colliculus of the cat.

Journal Article Neuroscience · April 1997 The goal of the present experiments was to examine the relationships of the zona incerta with two structures associated with visuomotor behavior, the superior colliculus and pretectum. The experiments were carried out in the cat, a species commonly used in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interlaminar connections of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew. III: The optic layer.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 1997 These experiments were designed to test the idea that the optic layer in the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri, is functionally distinct and provides a link between the visuosensory superficial and the premotor intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Fi ... Full text Link to item Cite

A circuit model for saccadic suppression in the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurosci · February 9, 2011 Attenuation of visual activity in the superficial layers (SLs), stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, of the superior colliculus during saccades may contribute to reducing perceptual blur during saccades and also may help prevent subsequent unw ... Full text Link to item Cite

Exploring the superior colliculus in vitro.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · November 2009 The superior colliculus plays an important role in the translation of sensory signals that encode the location of objects in space into motor signals that encode vectors of the shifts in gaze direction called saccades. Since the late 1990s, our two laborat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Imaging synaptic inhibition throughout the brain via genetically targeted Clomeleon.

Journal Article Brain Cell Biol · August 2008 Here we survey a molecular genetic approach for imaging synaptic inhibition. This approach is based on measuring intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) with the fluorescent chloride indicator protein, Clomeleon. We first describe several differe ... Full text Link to item Cite

High-speed mapping of synaptic connectivity using photostimulation in Channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · May 8, 2007 To permit rapid optical control of brain activity, we have engineered multiple lines of transgenic mice that express the light-activated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in subsets of neurons. Illumination of ChR2-positive neurons in brain slices p ... Full text Link to item Cite

In vitro properties of neurons in the rat pretectal nucleus of the optic tract.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · May 2007 The nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) has been implicated in the initiation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) and in the modulation of visual activity during saccades. The present experiments demonstrate that these two functions are served by separate cell po ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identity of a pathway for saccadic suppression.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · April 17, 2007 Neurons in the superficial gray layer (SGS) of the superior colliculus receive visual input and excite intermediate layer (SGI) neurons that play a critical role in initiating rapid orienting movements of the eyes, called saccades. In the present study, tw ... Full text Link to item Cite

An in vitro study of horizontal connections in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurosci · May 3, 2006 Some models propose that the spatial and temporal distributions of premotor activity in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus are shaped by neuronal ensembles that give rise to local excitatory and distant inhibitory connections. One function p ... Full text Link to item Cite

On chronic fatigue syndrome.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · June 2004 Full text Link to item Cite

Organization of the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. I. Intrinsic vertical connections.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · April 2004 A pathway from the superficial visual layers to the intermediate premotor layers of the superior colliculus has been proposed to mediate visually guided orienting movements. In these experiments, we combined photostimulation using "caged" glutamate with in ... Full text Link to item Cite

The superior colliculus: New approaches for studying sensorimotor integration

Book · January 1, 2003 The Superior Colliculus: New Approaches for Studying Sensorimotor Integration discusses new experimental and theoretical approaches to investigating how the brain transforms sensory signals into the motor commands that are used to shift the direction of ga ... Cite

The intracollicular neuronal network

Chapter · January 1, 2003 While many types of experiments have confirmed that the superior colliculus contributes to the initiation of orienting movements, very little is known at the cellular level about how its intrinsic circuitry performs this function. We currently are addressi ... Cite

Excitatory and inhibitory circuitry in the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 15, 2001 Stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus receives a dense cholinergic input from the parabigeminal nucleus. In this study, we examined in vitro the modulatory influence of acetylcholine (ACh) on the responses of SGS neurons that projec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Disinhibition in rat superior colliculus mediated by GABAc receptors.

Journal Article J Neurosci · January 15, 2001 The stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus contains a high concentration of the recently described GABA(C) receptor. In a previous study, it was postulated that activation of these receptors on inhibitory interneurons functions to di ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contribution of superficial layer neurons to premotor bursts in the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · July 2000 In vitro whole-cell patch-clamp methods were used to examine the contribution of one component of intracollicular circuitry, the superficial gray layer, to the generation of bursts of action potentials that occur in the intermediate layer and that command ... Full text Link to item Cite

Patch clamp analysis of synaptic circuitry in the superior colliculus

Journal Article Singapore Medical Journal · February 1, 2000 Background: Patch-clamp recording in brain slices is a powerful method for investigating the neural circuitry of the central nervous system. Applying this approach to a visuomotor center, the superior colliculus, has allowed us to address the fundamental q ... Cite

Cholinergic projections to the visual thalamus and superior colliculus.

Journal Article Brain Res · November 13, 1999 The parabrachial region of the brainstem reticular formation projects to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. We used the retrograde axonal transport of two fluorescent labels ... Full text Link to item Cite

Local excitatory circuits in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus.

Journal Article J Neurophysiol · March 1999 We have used photostimulation and whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques to examine local synaptic interactions in slices from the superior colliculus of the tree shrew. Uncaging glutamate 10-75 microm from the somata of neurons in the intermediate gr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Role of intrinsic synaptic circuitry in collicular sensorimotor integration.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · November 25, 1997 The superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus contains a map that represents the visual field, whereas the underlying intermediate gray layer contains a vector map of the saccades that shift the direction of gaze. These two maps are aligned so that ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reciprocal connections between the zona incerta and the pretectum and superior colliculus of the cat.

Journal Article Neuroscience · April 1997 The goal of the present experiments was to examine the relationships of the zona incerta with two structures associated with visuomotor behavior, the superior colliculus and pretectum. The experiments were carried out in the cat, a species commonly used in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interlaminar connections of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew. III: The optic layer.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 1997 These experiments were designed to test the idea that the optic layer in the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri, is functionally distinct and provides a link between the visuosensory superficial and the premotor intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Fi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interlaminar connections of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew. II: Projections from the superficial gray to the optic layer.

Journal Article Vis Neurosci · 1995 This study of the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri, provides evidence for an intracollicular pathway that arises in the superficial gray layer and terminates in the optic layer. As a first step, Nissl, myelin, and cytochrome oxidase stains were used to identif ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interlaminar connections of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew. I. The superficial gray layer.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · June 8, 1993 One of the most persistent problems in the study of the superior colliculus is the relationship between its superficial and deep layers. The superficial tier of layers is considered to be visuosensory in function, whereas the deep tier is multisensory and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pathway from the zona incerta to the superior colliculus in the rat.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · July 22, 1992 In order to test the proposal that the zona incerta contributes to the generation of orienting movements, we examined the synaptic relationships between the incertotectal pathway and the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle. The predorsal bundle cells g ... Full text Link to item Cite

The nigral projection to predorsal bundle cells in the superior colliculus of the rat.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · May 1, 1992 Predorsal bundle cells give rise to the major efferent pathway from the superior colliculus to the premotor centers of the brainstem and spinal cord responsible for initiating orienting movements. The activity of predorsal bundle cells is profoundly influe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Irving T. Diamond: An intellectual appreciation

Journal Article Journal of Comparative Neurology · January 1, 1992 Full text Cite

Cholinergic innervation of the superior colliculus in the cat.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 22, 1989 The superficial and intermediate gray layers of the superior colliculus are heavily innervated by fibers that utilize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The distribution, ultrastructure, and sources of the cholinergic innervation of these layers have been ... Full text Link to item Cite

Collateral projections of predorsal bundle cells of the superior colliculus in the rat.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · May 1, 1989 The deep layers of the superior colliculus contain cells which are premotor in the sense that they respond prior to the onset of shifts in gaze and send axons, by way of a pathway called the predorsal bundle, to the contralateral brainstem gaze centers and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Subcortical connections of the superior colliculus in the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 8, 1987 The mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii, depends on echolocation to navigate and capture prey. This adaptation is reflected in the large size and elaboration of brainstem auditory structures and in the minimal development of visual structures. The superior ... Full text Link to item Cite

The nigrotectal projection in the cat: an electron microscope autoradiographic study.

Journal Article Neuroscience · May 1987 Recent evidence indicates that the nigrotectal tract plays an important role in regulating the premotor responses of cells in the in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the ultrastruc ... Full text Link to item Cite

The sources of the nigrotectal pathway.

Journal Article Neuroscience · September 1986 The nigrotectal pathway plays a role in the generation of saccade related responses by cells in the deep layers of the superior colliculus. By using a retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique that homogeneously fills neurons, the present experiments dem ... Full text Link to item Cite

The transneuronal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the visual system of the frog, Rana pipiens.

Journal Article Neuroscience · February 1986 During the course of experiments designed to study synaptic relationships between the terminals of retinal axons and the various cell populations in the optic tectum of the frog, Rana pipiens, we found that neurons in many of the retinorecipient nuclei, in ... Full text Link to item Cite

The cerebellotectal pathway in the grey squirrel.

Journal Article Exp Brain Res · 1986 In the well laminated superior colliculus of the grey squirrel the cells of origin of the crossed descending pathway to the brainstem gaze centers are contained within the inner sublamina of the intermediate grey layer. The technique of anterograde transpo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the intermediate grey layer of the superior colliculus in the cat.

Journal Article Neuroscience · September 1985 Recent evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyrate has a profound influence on the activity of premotor neurons in the intermediate grey layer of the superior colliculus. In the present study an antibody to glutamate decarboxylase, the synthesizing enzyme f ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nonintralaminar thalamostriatal projections in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · November 20, 1984 In mammals, the corpus striatum receives prominent projections from the neocortex and from the intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. The present study provides evidence based on anterograde degeneration and axonal transport that the corpus striatum a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationships between the nigrotectal pathway and the cells of origin of the predorsal bundle.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · July 1, 1984 The goal of this study was to define the anatomical relationships between the terminal field of the nigrotectal pathway and the tectal neurons which project to contralateral brainstem gaze centers by way of the predorsal bundle. The distribution and morpho ... Full text Link to item Cite

The laminar origin and distribution of the crossed tectoreticular pathways.

Journal Article J Neurosci · October 1981 The superior colliculus is the source of a prominent descending pathway which crosses the midline in the mesencephalon and projects to the paramedian pontine reticular formation. The primary goal of the present study was to identify the cells in the superi ... Full text Link to item Cite

The normal organization of the lateral posterior nucleus in the golden hamster and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions.

Journal Article Behav Brain Res · September 1981 We have studied the normal organization of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions. First, we divided the lateral posterior nucleus into rostrolateral, rostromedial and caudal subdivisions and ... Full text Link to item Cite

The normal organization of the lateral posterior nucleus in the golden hamster and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions

Journal Article Virology · January 1, 1981 We have studied the normal organization of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions. First, we divided the lateral posterior nucleus into rostrolateral, rostromedial and caudal subdivisions and ... Cite

The organization of afferents to the lateral posterior nucleus in the golden hamster after different combinations of neonatal lesions.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 15, 1980 After a neonatal lesion of the ipsilateral superior colliculus, the projections to the lateral posterior nucleus from the contralateral superior colliculus and retina expand their terminal fields until they share a common border. In the first experiment de ... Full text Link to item Cite

The organization of the lateral posterior nucleus of the golden hamster after neonatal superior colliculus lesions.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 15, 1980 The reorganization of the adult hamster's lateral posterior nucleus after neonatal superior colliculus lesions was studied using primarily light and electron microscopic degeneration techniques. Two types of experiments were conducted. First, the distribut ... Full text Link to item Cite

The normal organization of the lateral posterior nucleus of the golden hamster.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 15, 1980 As a first step in analyzing the influence of various afferent projections on the development of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus, its normal organization was studied using both light and electron microscopic techniques. Rostrolateral, rostromedial, a ... Full text Link to item Cite

The organization of the lateral posterior nucleus in neonatal golden hamsters.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · September 15, 1980 The present series of experiments was designeneonatal golden hamsters. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Laminar origin of projections from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis.

Journal Article Brain Res · September 7, 1979 The laminar origin of the efferent projections from the superior colliculus to the pulvinar and to the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei has been studied using the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections in ei ... Full text Link to item Cite

The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. I. Cytoarchitecture and midbrain connections.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · December 1, 1978 In this study of the medial geniculate body in the tree shrew eight subdivisions are identified on the basis of differences recognized in Nissl-stained material. Experiments using the methods of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport and anterograde d ... Full text Link to item Cite

The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. II. Connections with the neocortex.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · December 1, 1978 In this study the temporal cortex of the tree shrew was subdivided on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria, and the connections of each subdivision with the thalamus and midbrain were analyzed with retrograde and anterograde techniques. The results indi ... Full text Link to item Cite

The organization of central auditory pathways in a reptile, Iguana iguana.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · April 15, 1978 The present experiments were designed to trace the central auditory pathways in an extant reptile, the New Worlkd lizard--Iguana iguana, utilizing anterograde axonal degeneration stained by the Fink-Heimer ('67) method and the retrograde axonal transport o ... Full text Link to item Cite

The organization of the pulvinar in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). II. Synaptic organization and comparisons with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · May 15, 1977 The purpose of these experiments was to compare the synaptic organization of the subdivisions of the pulvinar defined in the preceding paper (Robson and Hall, '77) with each other and with the organization present in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. ... Full text Link to item Cite

The organization of the pulvinar in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). I. Cytoarchitecture and connections.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · May 15, 1977 The posterior neocortex in the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, includes an extensive region which receives projections from the pulvinar. Previous studies have demonstrated that this cortical region can be subdivided on the basis of differences in cyt ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efferent projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · March 1, 1977 The projections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) have been analyzed with anterograde degeneration and autoradiographic methods for identifying axonal projections, and with the horseradish peroxidase method for id ... Full text Link to item Cite

The connections and laminar organization ofthe optic tectum in a reptile (lguana iguana).

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · October 15, 1975 The goals of this study were: (1) to describe the total pattern of projections from the optic tectum of Iguana iguana and Pseudemys scripta; and (2) to describe the contributions of particular lamina of the Iguana's optic tectum to this total pattern. Lesi ... Full text Link to item Cite

The pulvinar nucleus of Galago senegalensis.

Journal Article J Comp Neurol · June 1, 1975 The present study was undertaken to analyze the connections of the pulvinar nucleus in a prosimian. The experiments, which rely on the Fink-Heimer ('67) method for staining degenerating axons and their terminals, fall into two parts: first, the tracing of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Subdivisions of the medial geniculate body in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

Journal Article Brain Res · March 21, 1975 The medial geniculate body of the tree shrew has 3 major divisions which can be identified on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Each of these major divisions can be subdivided further. The present paper describes these divisions and compares them in terms of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Superior colliculus of the tree shrew: a structural and functional subdivision into superficial and deep layers.

Journal Article Science · August 4, 1972 Superficial lesions of the superior colliculus produced deficits in form discrimination, while deeper lesions produced, in addition, an inability to track objects. These two syndromes were related to an anatomical subdivision: Superficial lesions resulted ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evolution of the pulvinar.

Journal Article Brain Behav Evol · 1972 Full text Link to item Cite

Evolution of neocortex.

Journal Article Science · April 18, 1969 Full text Link to item Cite

Vision in tree shrews Tupia glis after removal of striate cortex

Journal Article Psychonomic Science · January 1, 1966 Three tree shrews (Tupaia glis) were trained to discriminate between horizontal and vertical stripes, and upright and inverted triangles. The striate cortex of both hemispheres was then ablated. All animals relearned the habits based on the discrimination ... Full text Cite