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Goldis Malek

Goldis Malek

Professor of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery
Box 3802 Med Ctr, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710
Albert Eye Research Institute, Room 4006, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

Reduced complex I activity in the retinal pigment epithelium, but not in rod photoreceptors, affects light signaling without impacting cell survival.

Journal Article J Biol Chem · September 2025 Mutations in the mitochondrial respiratory complex I accessory subunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4 (ndufs4) can cause the mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome, which may be associated with vision loss. We previously demonstrated that mice wit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Features that distinguish age-related macular degeneration from aging.

Journal Article Exp Eye Res · May 2025 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial retinal degenerative disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the strongest risk factor for AMD is advanced age. Several physiological processes are o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Potential Role of NUR77 in the Aging Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 2025 The underlying mechanisms associated with age-related changes in the morphology and function of retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells are poorly understood. The aging RPE progresses through several structural changes including loss of melanin granules, ... Full text Link to item Cite

RPE-Choroid Interactions: Bridging Cellular Communication in Retinal Health and Disease

Chapter · January 1, 2025 The retinal pigment epithelium plays a pivotal role in retinal health and function. It however does not work in isolation, rather it collaborates closely with adjacent tissues, including the photoreceptors on the apical side and Bruch's membrane and the ch ... Full text Cite

Protocol for real-time measurement of mitochondrial respiration in the mouse ocular posterior pole using a Seahorse XFe24 analyzer.

Journal Article STAR Protoc · September 20, 2024 During aging and in retinal degenerative diseases, vulnerable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are subject to mitochondrial dysfunction, creating a need for accessibility to tools which can facilitate assessment of the ocular posterior pole bioenerge ... Full text Link to item Cite

Estrogen related receptor alpha: Potential modulator of age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Curr Opin Pharmacol · April 2024 To develop effective therapies for complex blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), identification of mechanisms involved in its initiation and progression is needed. The estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA) is an orphan nuclear ... Full text Link to item Cite

Potential therapeutic targets for age-related macular degeneration: The nuclear option.

Journal Article Prog Retin Eye Res · May 2023 The functions and activities of nuclear receptors, the largest family of transcription factors in the human genome, have classically focused on their ability to act as steroid and hormone sensors in endocrine organs. However, they are responsible for a div ... Full text Link to item Cite

Internalization of Angiotensin-(1-12) in Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelial-19 Cells.

Journal Article J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · May 2023 Purpose: Angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] serves as a primary substrate to generate angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme and/or chymase suggests it may be an unrecognized source of Ang II-mediated microvascular complication in hypertensi ... Full text Link to item Cite

CD68: Potential Contributor to Inflammation and RPE Cell Dystrophy.

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 2023 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly in developed countries. It is a complex, multifactorial, progressive disease with diverse molecular pathways, including inflammation, regulating its pathogenesi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy: epidemiology, pathophysiology, imaging, and prognosis.

Journal Article Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne) · 2023 Adult-onset foveomacular dystrophy (AOFVD) is a retinal pattern dystrophy that may affect up to 1 in 7,400 individuals. There is much that is unknown regarding this disease's epidemiology, risk factors for development, and rate of progression through its f ... Full text Link to item Cite

Does senescence play a role in age-related macular degeneration?

Journal Article Exp Eye Res · December 2022 Advanced age is the most established risk factor for developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the elderly, in Western and developed countries. Similarly, after middle age, there is an exponential ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization and identification of measurable endpoints in a mouse model featuring age-related retinal pathologies: a platform to test therapies.

Journal Article Lab Invest · October 2022 Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is the structural protein of cholesterol carriers including low-density lipoproteins. It is a constituent of sub-retinal pigment epithelial (sub-RPE) deposits and pro-atherogenic plaques, hallmarks of early dry age-related mac ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization and identification of measurable endpoints in a mouse model featuring age-related retinal pathologies: a platform to test therapies.

Journal Article Lab Invest · October 2022 Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is the structural protein of cholesterol carriers including low-density lipoproteins. It is a constituent of sub-retinal pigment epithelial (sub-RPE) deposits and pro-atherogenic plaques, hallmarks of early dry age-related mac ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cell culture models to study retinal pigment epithelium-related pathogenesis in age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Exp Eye Res · September 2022 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects the macula - the central part of the retina. It is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. AMD onset is marked by the presence of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular dep ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nuclear Receptor Atlases of Choroidal Tissues Reveal Candidate Receptors Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Journal Article Cells · August 2, 2022 The choroid is a vulnerable tissue site in the eye, impacted in several blinding diseases including age related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of central vision loss in the aging population. Choroidal thinning and choriocapillary dr ... Full text Link to item Cite

NURR1 expression regulates retinal pigment epithelial-mesenchymal transition and age-related macular degeneration phenotypes.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · July 12, 2022 Phenotypic variations in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer are often a predecessor and driver of ocular degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. We previously identifie ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gene Delivery of a Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain Improves Retinal Pigment Epithelial Function and Modulates Inflammation in a Mouse Model with Features of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Journal Article J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · June 2022 Purpose: The NLRP3 inflammasome, a cytoplasmic signal transduction complex that regulates inflammation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of visual impairment in industrialized countries. W ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nuclear Receptor Atlas of the Choroid: Implications for Disease

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · June 2022 Link to item Cite

Internalization of Angiotensin-(1-12) in Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelial-19 Cells.

Journal Article FASEB J · May 2022 INTRODUCTION: The characterization, by this laboratory, of angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] as a primary angiotensin II (Ang II)-forming substrate may be an unrecognized source of Ang II-mediated microvascular complication in hypertension-mediated retinopat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Potential Mechanisms of NUR77-Mediated Signaling in the Aging Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Journal Article FASEB J · May 2022 PURPOSE: Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) dysfunction is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly in the western world. A better understanding of RPE-related signaling pathways is the key to ... Full text Link to item Cite

Osteopontin accumulates in basal deposits of human eyes with age-related macular degeneration and may serve as a biomarker of aging.

Journal Article Mod Pathol · February 2022 A common clinical phenotype of several neurodegenerative and systemic disorders including Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis is the abnormal accumulation of extracellular material, which interferes with routine cellular functions. Similarly, patients ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Spherical Particles in the Subretinal Pigment Epithelium-Basal Lamina Space in Aged Human Eyes.

Journal Article Ophthalmol Sci · September 2021 PURPOSE: Micrometer-sized spherules formed of hydroxyapatite or whitlockite were identified within extracellular deposits that accumulate in the space between the basal lamina (BL) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the inner collagenous layer of Bruc ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: A Mediator and Potential Therapeutic Target for Ocular and Non-Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Journal Article Int J Mol Sci · September 16, 2020 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which senses environmental, dietary or metabolic signals to mount a transcriptional response, vital in health and disease. As environmental stimuli and metabolic products have ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cell Line Authentication in Vision Research and Beyond: A Tale Retold.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · June 3, 2020 We live in an age where new technologies, and organizations involved in the distribution of biological materials, such as cell culture lines, have eased accessibility to a variety of in vitro models, developed, and/or harvested from different sources. In t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nuclear Receptor Atlas of Human Choroidal Endothelium

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · June 2020 Link to item Cite

Leveraging Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Pathological Ocular Vascular Diseases.

Journal Article Int J Mol Sci · April 21, 2020 Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are physiological mechanisms occurring throughout the body. Any disruption to the precise balance of blood vessel growth necessary to support healthy tissue, and the inhibition of abnormal vessel sprouting has the potential ... Full text Link to item Cite

LXRs regulate features of age-related macular degeneration and may be a potential therapeutic target.

Journal Article JCI Insight · January 16, 2020 Effective treatments and animal models for the most prevalent neurodegenerative form of blindness in elderly people, called age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are lacking. Genome-wide association studies have identified lipid metabolism and inflammati ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Models of pathologies associated with age-related macular degeneration and their utilities in drug discovery

Chapter · January 1, 2020 Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly in the developed world, with an ever-increasing prevalence in the developing world. The complexity of the disease and lack of effective therapies speak to the necessity of ... Full text Cite

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Revisited: From Pathology and Cellular Stress to Potential Therapies.

Journal Article Front Cell Dev Biol · 2020 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the aging retina, in which patients experience severe vision loss. Therapies available to patients are limited and are only effective in a sub-population of patients. Future comprehen ... Full text Link to item Cite

Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Morphology and Survival

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · July 1, 2019 Link to item Cite

A Review of Pathogenic Drivers of Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Beyond Complement, with a Focus on Potential Endpoints for Testing Therapeutic Interventions in Preclinical Studies.

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 2019 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) continues to be the leading cause of visual impairment for the elderly in developed countries. It is a complex, multifactorial, progressive disease with diverse molecular pathways regulating its pathogenesis. One of t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impaired monocyte cholesterol clearance initiates age-related retinal degeneration and vision loss.

Journal Article JCI Insight · September 6, 2018 Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness among people over 50 years of age, is characterized by atrophic neurodegeneration or pathologic angiogenesis. Early AMD is characterized by extracellular cholesterol-rich depos ... Full text Link to item Cite

Suppression of aberrant choroidal neovascularization through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Journal Article Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis · May 2018 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand activated transcription factor, initially discovered for its role in regulating xenobiotic metabolism. There is extensive evidence supporting a multi-faceted role for AhR, modulating physiological pathways im ... Full text Link to item Cite

Models of retinal diseases and their applicability in drug discovery.

Journal Article Expert Opin Drug Discov · April 2018 The impact of vision debilitating diseases is a global public health concern, which will continue until effective preventative and management protocols are developed. Two retinal diseases responsible for the majority of vision loss in the working age adult ... Full text Link to item Cite

Quick-freeze/deep-etch electron microscopy visualization of the mouse posterior pole.

Journal Article Exp Eye Res · September 2017 The mouse is one of the most commonly used mammalian systems to study human diseases. In particular it has been an invaluable tool to model a multitude of ocular pathologies affecting the posterior pole. The aim of this study was to create a comprehensive ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Mechanism of Diabetic Retinopathy Pathogenesis Unifying Key Lipid Regulators, Sirtuin 1 and Liver X Receptor.

Journal Article EBioMedicine · August 2017 Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication secondary to diabetes and is the number one cause of blindness among working age individuals worldwide. Despite recent therapeutic breakthroughs using pharmacotherapy, a cure for DR has yet to be realized. Severa ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluating the efficacy of treatment with an LXR agonist on the pathogenesis of early AMD

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · June 1, 2017 Link to item Cite

Rethinking Nuclear Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Retinal Diseases.

Journal Article J Biomol Screen · December 2016 Collectively, retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy, result in severe vision impairment worldwide. The absence and/or limited availability of successful drug therapies for these blindin ... Full text Link to item Cite

PPARβ/δ selectively regulates phenotypic features of age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Aging (Albany NY) · September 8, 2016 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a nuclear receptor that regulates differentiation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis in multiple tissues. These pathways are also central to the pat ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Brief Discussion on Lipid Activated Nuclear Receptors and their Potential Role in Regulating Microglia in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 2016 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness and visual impairment in individuals over 60 years of age in the Western World. A common morphological denominator in all forms of AMD is the accumulation of microglia within th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor knock-out exacerbates choroidal neovascularization via multiple pathogenic pathways.

Journal Article J Pathol · January 2015 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a heterodimeric transcriptional regulator with pleiotropic functions in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification, vascular development and cancer. Herein, we report a previously undescribed role for the AhR signalling ... Full text Link to item Cite

Liver X Receptor signaling pathways and age-related macular degeneration

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · April 1, 2014 Link to item Cite

Nuclear receptors as potential therapeutic targets for age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 2014 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most important cause of blindness and visual impairment among the elderly. Nuclear receptors represent one of the largest families of transcription factors, with 48 present in the human genome. They are critica ... Full text Link to item Cite

Bone marrow transplantation transfers age-related susceptibility to neovascular remodeling in murine laser-induced choroidal neovascularization.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · November 13, 2013 PURPOSE: Neovascular remodeling (NVR), the progression of small capillaries into large-caliber arterioles with perivascular fibrosis, represents a major therapeutic challenge in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neovascular remodeling occ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deficiency causes dysregulated cellular matrix metabolism and age-related macular degeneration-like pathology.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · October 22, 2013 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Herein, we report a previously undescribed role for the AhR signaling pathway as an essential defense mechanism in the pathogenesis of early ... Full text Link to item Cite

Research resource: nuclear receptor atlas of human retinal pigment epithelial cells: potential relevance to age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Mol Endocrinol · February 2011 Featured Publication Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play a vital role in retinal physiology by forming the outer blood-retina barrier and supporting photoreceptor function. Retinopathies including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involve physiological and patholo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Osteopontin Regulation of Choroidal Neovascular Fibrosis Through Macrophages

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · April 1, 2010 Link to item Cite

Different Patterns of Neovascularization Are Determined by Different Pro-Angiogenic Stimuli

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · April 1, 2010 Link to item Cite

The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: hypothesis re-visited.

Journal Article Prog Retin Eye Res · March 2010 Featured Publication During the past ten years, dramatic advances have been made in unraveling the biological bases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of irreversible blindness in western populations. In that timeframe, two distinct lines of evide ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reticular pseudodrusen are subretinal drusenoid deposits.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · February 2010 Featured Publication PURPOSE: To characterize reticular pseudodrusen, a potential risk factor for late age-related macular degeneration. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight eyes of 33 patients with pseudodrusen (20 female). METHODS: Cons ... Full text Link to item Cite

PPAR nuclear receptors and altered RPE lipid metabolism in age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 2010 Featured Publication The pathophysiology of 'early' dry age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), characterized by the accumulation of lipid and protein-rich sub-retinal deposits remains largely unknown. Accumulation and dysregulated turnover of lipids as well as extracellular ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sub-retinal drusenoid deposits in human retina: organization and composition.

Journal Article Exp Eye Res · November 2008 Featured Publication We demonstrate histologically sub-retinal drusenoid debris in three aged human eyes, two of them affected by age-related maculopathy. By postmortem fundus examination, the lesions were drusen-like, i.e., they were pale spots apparently at the level of the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Oxidative stress-induced expression and modulation of Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-1 (PRL-1) in mammalian retina.

Journal Article Biochim Biophys Acta · September 2007 Featured Publication The phosphatase of regenerating liver-1, PRL-1, gene was detected in a screen for foveal cone photoreceptor-associated genes. It encodes a small protein tyrosine phosphatase that was previously immunolocalized to the photoreceptors in primate retina. Here ... Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular genetics of AMD and current animal models.

Journal Article Angiogenesis · 2007 Featured Publication During the past few years systematic investigation into the epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has provided important new insight into this leading cause of vision loss in older persons. These studies prov ... Full text Link to item Cite

Is our current clinical classification of AMD up to the job?

Other Br J Ophthalmol · September 2006 Featured Publication Various combinations of risk factors and mechanisms may explain the complexity observed in AMD patients ... Full text Link to item Cite

Esterified and unesterified cholesterol in drusen and basal deposits of eyes with age-related maculopathy.

Journal Article Exp Eye Res · December 2005 Featured Publication To address the potential for an outer segment (OS) contribution to the sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lesions of age-related maculopathy (ARM), we quantified esterified and unesterified cholesterol (EC, UC) with the sterol-specific fluorescent probe ... Full text Link to item Cite

The fibroblast growth factor receptors, FGFR-1 and FGFR-2, mediate two independent signalling pathways in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Journal Article Biochem Biophys Res Commun · November 11, 2005 Featured Publication To examine the effects and potential implications for the expression of the two basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) receptors, FGFR-1 and FGFR-2, in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, bFGF-dependent changes in gene expression and RPE cell function w ... Full text Link to item Cite

Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · August 16, 2005 Featured Publication Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, multifactorial, neurodegenerative disease of the retina and the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly in the Western world. We describe here a murine model that combines three known ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipoprotein-like particles and cholesteryl esters in human Bruch's membrane: initial characterization.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · July 2005 Featured Publication PURPOSE: To isolate and characterize cholesteryl ester-containing, lipoprotein-like particles (LLPs) from normal aged human Bruch's membrane (BrM)/choroid (Ch). METHODS: From BrM/Ch of 20 eyes of 10 donors aged >60 years, LLPs were released by high-salt bu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Challenges of human RPE gene profiling

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · January 1, 2005 Link to item Cite

Light dependent membrane association of PRL-1, a phosphatase expressed in cone photoreceptors

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · January 1, 2005 Link to item Cite

Insulin-like growth factor-1 contributes to neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration.

Journal Article Biochem Biophys Res Commun · October 29, 2004 Featured Publication Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a debilitating complication of age-related macular degeneration and a leading cause of vision loss. Along with other angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Murine choroidal neovascularization: A model for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · April 1, 2004 Link to item Cite

Characterization of PRL-1, a human cone photoreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase.

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · April 1, 2004 Link to item Cite

Effect of diet and targeted replacement human APOE isoforms in aged mice

Conference INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE · May 1, 2003 Link to item Cite

Apolipoprotein B in cholesterol-containing drusen and basal deposits of human eyes with age-related maculopathy.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · February 2003 Featured Publication Lipids accumulate in Bruch's membrane (BrM), a specialized vascular intima of the eye, and in extracellular lesions associated with aging and age-related maculopathy (ARM). We tested the hypothesis that ARM and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease share ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dominant late-onset retinal degeneration with regional variation of sub-retinal pigment epithelium deposits, retinal function, and photoreceptor degeneration.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · December 2000 Featured Publication PURPOSE: To clarify the pathogenesis of late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by thick deposits of lipid-rich material between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane. STUDY DESIGN: Comparat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy: Bruch's membrane changes and photoreceptor loss.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · February 2000 Featured Publication PURPOSE: To determine relationships among Bruch's membrane ultrastructure, photoreceptor degeneration, and choriocapillaris atrophy with respect to zones of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration and atrophy adjacent to the optic nerve head, as a fu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of the onset and duration of effect of azelastine eye drops (0.05%) versus placebo in patients with allergic conjunctivitis using an allergen challenge model

Journal Article Ophthalmology · 2000 Objective: The trial evaluated the effectiveness of the investigational antihistaminic and antiallergic compound Azelastine Eye Drops (AZE) in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis using an allergen challenge model. Design: Randomized, double-blind, pla ... Full text Cite