Scholars@Duke
Sonia Grego

Sonia Grego

Associate Research Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering
sonia.grego@duke.edu
701 W.Main Street, Durham, NC 27708
701 W.Main Street, Durham, NC 27708

Selected Publications

Engineering field testing of non-sewered sanitation systems: Compendium of lessons learned

Book · February 15, 2025 Non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS) treat human waste where it is generated, eliminating the need to transport it through sewers. They offer exciting opportunities for safely managed sanitation across the globe. Informed by the extensive experience of te ... Full text Cite

Long-term, automated stool monitoring using a novel smart toilet: A feasibility study.

Journal Article Neurogastroenterol Motil · January 2025 BACKGROUND: Patients' report of bowel movement consistency is unreliable. We demonstrate the feasibility of long-term automated stool image data collection using a novel Smart Toilet and evaluate a deterministic computer-vision analytic approach to assess ... Full text Link to item Cite

Women’s toilet use behaviors and water use in a urine diversion squat pan toilet pilot

Journal Article Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · September 1, 2024 Understanding user behavior is critical to the adoption of technology; however, there is a paucity of data related to gender-specific sanitation practices and water-use patterns in toilet use despite the global imperative to increase attention toward the n ... Full text Cite

Impact of heat-treatment on wastewater analytical parameters.

Journal Article Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research · December 2023 Raw wastewater analysis is an important step in treatment assessment; however, it is associated with risks of personnel exposure to pathogens. Such risks are enhanced during virus outbreaks, such as the COVID pandemic, and heat-treatment is a commonly used ... Full text Cite

Water recycling public toilets based on onsite electrochemical wastewater treatment

Journal Article Environmental Science Water Research and Technology · November 13, 2023 The long-term performance of an anaerobic bioreactor combined with electrochemical oxidation and integrated into a self-contained public bathroom under daily use was investigated over 14 months in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu, India). With varying daily number o ... Full text Cite

The humble toilet is an opportunity for sustainable water reuse

Journal Article Nature Water · November 1, 2023 The toilet could evolve from an unassuming household plumbing fixture to a critical engineering node for onsite wastewater treatment and reuse. ... Full text Cite

Stool Image Analysis for Digital Health Monitoring By Smart Toilets

Journal Article IEEE Internet of Things Journal · March 1, 2023 Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions are widespread and significantly impact the quality of life and healthcare. Stool appearance is a valuable GI diagnostic indicator, and with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), daily monitoring of excreta from a toi ... Full text Cite

Sensor-based evaluation of a Urine Trap toilet in a shared bathroom.

Journal Article The Science of the total environment · January 2023 Urine diversion in a No-Mix Toilet is a promising approach for sustainable fertilizers and reduction of the nutrient load for wastewater treatment; however, user adoption remains a challenge. This study evaluates the Urine Trap, a passive No-Mix toilet des ... Full text Cite

Predictive values of time-dense SARS-CoV-2 wastewater analysis in university campus buildings.

Journal Article The Science of the total environment · August 2022 Wastewater-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance on college campuses has the ability to detect individual clinical COVID-19 cases at the building-level. High concordance of wastewater results and clinical cases has been observed when calculated over a time window ... Full text Cite

A hands-free stool sampling system for monitoring intestinal health and disease.

Journal Article Sci Rep · June 27, 2022 Analysis of stool offers simple, non-invasive monitoring for many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and access to the gut microbiome, however adherence to stool sampling protocols remains a major challenge because of the prevalent dislike of handling one's fe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physical properties of menstrual hygiene waste as feedstock for onsite disposal technologies

Journal Article Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · May 1, 2021 Onsite incinerators offer a promising solution to the challenges of menstrual waste disposal, particularly in institutional settings. However, thermochemical processes are well known to depend on the nature of the feedstocks and their moisture content (MC) ... Full text Cite

Optimal design of an electrochemical reactor for blackwater treatment.

Journal Article Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · January 2021 Electrolysis of blackwater for disinfection and nutrient removal is a portable and scalable technology that can lessen the need for cities to construct large-scale wastewater treatment infrastructure and enable the safe onsite reuse of blackwater. Several ... Full text Cite

Potential Pitfalls in Wastewater Phosphorus Analysis and How to Avoid Them.

Journal Article Environmental health insights · January 2021 Due to the increasing adoption of nutrient discharge regulations, many research groups are stepping into new territory with phosphorus (P) measurements. Accurate reporting of P concentrations in effluent from novel wastewater treatment technologies is crit ... Full text Cite

Stool Image Analysis for Precision Health Monitoring by Smart Toilets

Conference Proceedings of Machine Learning Research · January 1, 2021 Precision health monitoring is facilitated by long-term data collection that establishes a health baseline and enables the detection of deviations from it. With the advent of the Internet of Things, monitoring of daily excreta from a toilet is emerging as ... Cite

Feasibility of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Assessment Based on Cardiovascular Response to Postural Change.

Journal Article The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation · September 2020 ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of short-term cardiovascular responses to postural change as a screening tool for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), using heart rate metrics that can be measured with a wearable electrocardiogram sensor. ... Full text Cite

Resolving the relative contributions of cistern and pour flushing to toilet water usage: Measurements from urban test sites in India.

Journal Article The Science of the total environment · August 2020 A challenge in water reuse for toilet flushing in India and other Asian countries derives from pour flushing practices. It is a common assumption that the amount of pour flushed water used for personal cleansing is small in comparison to the cistern flush ... Full text Cite

Sensor-Array Optimization Based on Time-Series Data Analytics for Sanitation-Related Malodor Detection.

Journal Article IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems · August 2020 There is an unmet need for a low-cost instrumented technology for detecting sanitation-related malodor as an alert for maintenance around shared toilets and emerging technologies for onsite waste treatment. In this article, our approach to an electronic no ... Full text Cite

Fecal Malodor Detection Using Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensors.

Journal Article Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · May 2020 Technology innovation in sanitation is needed for the 4.2 billion people worldwide, lacking safely managed sanitation services. A major requirement for the adoption of these technologies is the management of malodor around toilet and treatment systems. The ... Full text Cite

Field testing of an onsite sanitation system on apartment building blackwater using biological treatment and electrochemical disinfection

Journal Article Environmental Science Water Research and Technology · May 1, 2020 The Closed Loop Advanced Sanitation System (CLASS) was designed to treat, disinfect, and recycle toilet blackwater from existing flush toilets in a multi-story apartment building. Two systems were tested at two unique sites in Coimbatore, India for a combi ... Full text Cite

Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in Coimbatore, India.

Journal Article The Science of the total environment · April 2020 4.2 billion people live without access to safely managed sanitation services. This report describes the field testing of an onsite prototype system designed to treat blackwater from a single flush toilet and reuse of the treated effluent for flushing. The ... Full text Cite

Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa.

Journal Article The Science of the total environment · February 2020 Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy ... Full text Cite

Characterization of fecal sludge as biomass feedstock for thermal treatment in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu

Journal Article Gates Open Research · January 1, 2020 Background: Transformative sanitation technologies aim to treat fecal sludge (FS) by thermal processes and recover resources from it. There is a paucity of data describing the relevant properties of FS as viable feedstock for thermal treatment in major geo ... Full text Cite

Sensor-Array optimization based on mutual information for sanitation-related malodor alerts

Conference Biocas 2019 Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings · October 1, 2019 There is an unmet need for a low-cost instrumented technology for detecting malodor around toilets and emerging sanitation technologies for onsite waste treatment. Our approach to an electronic nose for sanitation-related malodor is based on the use of ele ... Full text Cite

An analysis of stereotypical motor movements and cardiovascular coupling in individuals on the autism spectrum.

Journal Article Biological psychology · March 2019 One of the core diagnostic features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is engagement in stereotypical motor movements, although the etiology of this repetitive behavior is unknown. Since the 1960s, it has been hypothesized that stereotypical motor movements ... Full text Cite

Automated Detection of Repetitive Motor Behaviors as an Outcome Measurement in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Journal Article Journal of autism and developmental disorders · May 2018 Repetitive sensory motor behaviors are a direct target for clinical treatment and a potential treatment endpoint for individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities. By removing the burden associated with video annotation or direct observation, ... Full text Cite

Proof of Concept Coded Aperture Miniature Mass Spectrometer Using a Cycloidal Sector Mass Analyzer, a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Field Emission Electron Ionization Source, and an Array Detector.

Journal Article Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · February 2018 Despite many potential applications, miniature mass spectrometers have had limited adoption in the field due to the tradeoff between throughput and resolution that limits their performance relative to laboratory instruments. Recently, a solution to this tr ... Full text Cite

Soil-transmitted helminth eggs assessment in wastewater in an urban area in India.

Journal Article Journal of water and health · February 2018 Water quality and sanitation are inextricably linked to prevalence and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections, a public health concern in resource-limited settings. India bears a large burden of disease associated with poor sanitation. Transformat ... Full text Cite

A miniature electron ionization source fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with integrated carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission cathodes and low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC)

Journal Article International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · November 1, 2017 The use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) components in miniature mass spectrometers is particularly attractive due to their small size and scalable manufacturing capability. Our group has pioneered the development of miniature electron ionization s ... Full text Cite

In vitro exposure systems and dosimetry assessment tools for inhaled tobacco products: Workshop proceedings, conclusions and paths forward for in vitro model use.

Journal Article Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA · July 2017 In 2009, the passing of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act facilitated the establishment of the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), and gave it regulatory authority over the marketing, manufacture and distribution of tobacco products, ... Full text Cite

Systems biology for organotypic cell cultures.

Conference ALTEX · January 2017 Translating in vitro biological data into actionable information related to human health holds the potential to improve disease treatment and risk assessment of chemical exposures. While genomics has identified regulatory pathways at the cellular level, tr ... Full text Cite

An optically transparent membrane supports shear stress studies in a three-dimensional microfluidic neurovascular unit model.

Journal Article Biomicrofluidics · November 2015 We report a microfluidic blood-brain barrier model that enables both physiological shear stress and optical transparency throughout the device. Brain endothelial cells grown in an optically transparent membrane-integrated microfluidic device were able to w ... Full text Cite

High-throughput cardiac safety evaluation and multi-parameter arrhythmia profiling of cardiomyocytes using microelectrode arrays.

Journal Article Toxicology and applied pharmacology · October 2015 Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) recording extracellular field potentials of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) provide a rich data set for functional assessment of drug response. The aim of this work is the development of a m ... Full text Cite

Three-dimensional culture conditions differentially affect astrocyte modulation of brain endothelial barrier function in response to transforming growth factor β1.

Journal Article Brain research · May 2015 Blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is regulated by dynamic interactions among cell types within the neurovascular unit, including astrocytes and endothelial cells. Co-culture models of the BBB typically involve astrocytes seeded on two-dimensional (2D) sur ... Full text Cite

A biomimetic multicellular model of the airways using primary human cells.

Journal Article Lab on a chip · September 2014 Microfluidic cell cultures enable investigation of complex physiological tissue properties and functionalities. For convenience, they are often implemented with immortalized cell lines, but primary cells more closely approximate the in vivo biology. Our ai ... Full text Cite

Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 2013 Severe acute respiratory syndrome with high mortality rates (~50%) is associated with a novel group 2c betacoronavirus designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We synthesized a panel of contiguous cDNAs that spanned the entire ge ... Full text Cite

High yield fabrication of multilayer polydimethylsiloxane devices with freestanding micropillar arrays

Journal Article Biomicrofluidics · September 6, 2013 A versatile method to fabricate a multilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device with micropillar arrays within the inner layer is reported. The method includes an inexpensive but repeatable approach for PDMS lamination at high compressive force to achieve ... Full text Cite

Postgrowth in situ chlorine passivation for suppressing surface-dominant transport in silicon nanowire devices

Journal Article IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology · July 17, 2012 We demonstrate a postgrowth in situ chlorine passivation method for suppressing surface-dominant transport in Si nanowires (SiNWs). This scheme helps avoid misorientations and meandering while facilitating the passivation of surface states. The leakage cur ... Full text Cite

Electromechanical performance of piezoelectric scanning mirrors for medical endoscopy

Journal Article Sensors and Actuators A Physical · May 1, 2012 The electromechanical performance of piezoelectric scanning mirrors for endoscopy imaging is presented. The devices are supported by a single actuating cantilever to achieve a high fill factor, the ratio of mirror area to the combined mirror and actuator a ... Full text Cite

A compact and multichannel optical biosensor based on a wavelength interrogated input grating coupler

Journal Article Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · January 3, 2012 The design, fabrication and characterization of a compact optical biosensor based on an input grating coupler are presented. The sensor device consists of a waveguide-integrated single grating structure. The optical reader is based on the use of a largely ... Full text Cite

Nanowire-based devices combining light guiding and photodetection

Journal Article Applied Physics A Materials Science and Processing · November 1, 2011 We demonstrate bridged nanowires on a non-single-crystal substrate as a versatile fabrication approach to combine active and passive photonic functionalities on silicon platforms. Silicon nanowires are grown on vertical non-single-crystal surfaces by a vap ... Full text Cite

Tunable wavelength interrogated sensor platform (TWIST) for point-of-care diagnostics of infectious diseases

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · July 6, 2011 The TWIST platform is an optical evanescent wave sensor which enables a label-free immunoassay-based portable instrument. The approach is based on input grating coupler sensors serving as functionalized sensing devices. Binding of the target analyte to the ... Full text Cite

A perspective on nanowire photodetectors: Current status, future challenges, and opportunities

Journal Article IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · July 1, 2011 One-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures (nanowires (NWs), nanotubes, nanopillars, nanorods, etc.) based photodetectors (PDs) have been gaining traction in the research community due to their ease of synthesis and unique optical, mechanical, electrical ... Full text Cite

On-chip collection of particles and cells by AC electroosmotic pumping and dielectrophoresis using asymmetric microelectrodes

Journal Article Biomicrofluidics · January 1, 2011 The recent development of microfluidic "lab on a chip" devices requiring sample sizes <100 μL has given rise to the need to concentrate dilute samples and trap analytes, especially for surface-based detection techniques. We demonstrate a particle collectio ... Full text Cite

In-situ chlorine passivation to suppress surface-dominant transport in silicon nanowire devices

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · October 26, 2010 We demonstrate a post-growth in-situ chlorine passivation for suppressing surface-dominant transport in Si nanowires (SiNWs). The leakage current of bridged SiNWs suppressed more than five orders of magnitude as a result of chlorine passivation while the s ... Full text Cite

Nanoimprint lithography fabrication of waveguide-integrated optical gratings with inexpensive stamps

Journal Article Microelectronic Engineering · January 1, 2010 We demonstrate that a replica grating can be effectively used as an inexpensive stamp for nanoimprint lithography to pattern diffractive optical couplers integrated with planar optical waveguides. Imprinted grating patterns were integrated with silicon oxy ... Full text Cite

Waveguide-integrated nanowire photoconductors on a non-single crystal surface

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · November 23, 2009 The growth of crystalline 1D nanowires of semiconductors on non-epitaxial surfaces holds the promise to overcome many of the current challenges of heteroepitaxial material synthesis and device fabrication for a wide range of electronic and photonic applica ... Full text Cite

Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Preface

Conference Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · November 20, 2009 Cite

Piezoelectric scanning mirrors for endoscopic optical coherence tomography

Journal Article Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · November 9, 2009 A novel piezoelectric scanning mirror design for endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) is presented. OCT is an interferometric technique providing microscopic tomographic sectioning of biological samples with mm-range penetration capability in tiss ... Full text Cite

Surface modification for enhanced silanation of zirconia ceramics.

Journal Article Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · September 2009 ObjectiveThe overall goal of this research was to develop a practical method to chemically modify the surface of high strength dental ceramics (i.e. zirconia) to facilitate viable, robust adhesive bonding using commercially available silanes and r ... Full text Cite

Wavelength interrogation of optical waveguide biosensors in the input grating coupler configuration

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · June 15, 2009 A planar optical waveguide with an input grating coupler was used as an affinity-based biodetection device. Nanoimprint lithography was used to integrate the grating patterns with low loss silicon oxynitride thin-film waveguides. A widely tunable laser sou ... Full text Cite

Wavelength interrogation of grating-based optical biosensors in the input coupler configuration

Journal Article Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · May 14, 2008 A planar optical waveguide with an input grating coupler was used as a label-free biodetection device. Nanoimprint lithography was used to integrate the grating patterns with low loss silicon oxynitride thin film waveguides. A widely tunable laser source a ... Full text Cite

Effects of deposition parameters on the electrical and mechanical properties of indium tin oxide films on polyethylene napthalate substrates deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering

Journal Article Thin Solid Films · April 30, 2008 The mechanical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide films on polyethylene naphthalate substrates are critical to the development of flexible displays. In the present study, mechanical and electrical properties are studied as a function of processi ... Full text Cite

Multicolor IR emissive pixels

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · November 15, 2007 We have evaluated several methods for generating multi-color emission for IR scene projector applications. The baseline requirements we employed were the ability to simulate color temperatures in the range 300-3000 K, minimum radiance levels consistent wit ... Full text Cite

Optical waveguide biosensor based on two-dimensional diffractive elements obtained by nano-imprint lithography

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · May 24, 2007 This work focuses on the effects of custom-designed, two-dimensional grating structures on the sensitivity of optical waveguides biosensors in the input grating coupler configuration. Calculations suggest that suitably designed diffractive structures with ... Full text Cite

A method to evaluate mechanical performance of thin transparent films for flexible displays

Journal Article Thin Solid Films · April 9, 2007 Mechanical flexing of plastic substrates coated with thin film permeation barriers causes stress-induced cracks that may lead to device degradation. This phenomenon is of particular importance for organic light emitting diodes, an emerging display technolo ... Full text Cite

Mechanical properties of indium tin oxide on polyethylene napthalate substrate

Conference Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · January 1, 2007 This work investigates the mechanical properties of indium tin oxide deposited on polyethylene napthalate substrates by rf sputtering method as a function of deposition conditions, including rf power, substrate temperature, and substrate treatment. X-ray d ... Full text Cite

Novel grating-based optical waveguide device for sensor applications

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · August 23, 2006 Grating-based optical waveguide devices offer label-free biodetection capabilities relying on optical response to adsorption of analytes and corresponding changes of refractive index. Various configurations of this measurement approach were explored with t ... Full text Cite

Novel optical-waveguide sensing platform based on input grating coupler

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · May 25, 2006 Silicon oxynitride optical waveguides with a grating coupler were used for a label-free detection approach that measures the change of refractive index at the grating surface. Two approaches were used for the grating fabrication: (i) commercially available ... Full text Cite

Plano-eucentric photometry system for micro-display metrology

Conference Digest of Technical Papers SID International Symposium · December 1, 2005 We describe a unique micro-display metrology system in which the stage can be rotated arbitrarily and the area of interest does not leave the field of view. Similarly, the sample can be tilted up to 60 degrees and the area of interest stays continuously in ... Full text Cite

A multiaxis stage configured for rapid observations of plane samples at multiple angles

Journal Article Review of Scientific Instruments · December 1, 2005 We describe a mechanical configuration that allows any point on a flat sample to be moved to any angle of tilt and rotation (within the limits of which the stage is capable) while maintaining the area of interest at a constant focus and within the field of ... Full text Cite

Evaluating and improving mechanical performance of thin films for flexible displays

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · November 9, 2005 Organic light emitting diode (OLED) based displays are well suited for fabrication on flexible polymer substrates. In order to achieve the vision of a highly flexible, rollable display, significant progress must be made in understanding and overcoming the ... Full text Cite

An AC electrokinetic technique for collection and concentration of particles and cells on patterned electrodes

Journal Article Langmuir · July 5, 2005 We report an electrohydrodynamic effect arising from the application of alternating electric fields to patterned electrode surfaces. The AC fields were applied to dilute suspensions of latex microspheres enclosed between a patterned silicon wafer and an IT ... Full text Cite

Development and evaluation of bend-testing techniques for flexible-display applications

Journal Article Journal of the Society for Information Display · July 1, 2005 Two different approaches to automated bend testing of flexible substrates for display applications were implemented and characterized: a conventional collapsing radius geometry and a novel technique called the "X-Y- θ" geometry. Indium tin oxide (ITO) coat ... Full text Cite

Template-directed assembly on an ordered microsphere array.

Journal Article Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · May 2005 We investigated the capability of an ordered array of microspheres to act as a template for deposition and ordering of a subsequent layer of microspheres. An evaporation-based technique was used to deposit monolayers of large colloidal spheres. A novel tec ... Full text Cite

Mechanical evaluation of permeation barriers for flexible OLED displays

Conference Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS · December 1, 2004 Mechanical flexing of plastic substrates coated with thin film permeation barriers causes sub-micron cracks that lead to device degradation. We demonstrate an improved method to rapidly observe cracks and evaluate mechanical performance of permeation barri ... Cite

Polymer light guide arrays for tiling large-scale displays

Conference Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · December 1, 2004 The demonstration of arrays of light guides that are fabricated in sheets and laminated together to form tapered plastic fiber optic bundles is presented. Electrophoretic displays can be used for seamless tiling, but electrophoretic displays are not as mat ... Full text Cite

Highly flexible transparent electrodes for organic light-emitting diode-based displays

Journal Article Applied Physics Letters · October 18, 2004 Multilayer indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-Ag-ITO stacks were evaluated as transparent conductors for flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. The ITO-metal-ITO (IMI) samples exhibited significantly reduced sheet resistance over ITO and greater than 8 ... Full text Cite

Investigation of the layer-by-layer assembly of colloid crystals on a templated substrate

Conference Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · January 1, 2004 We investigated the fabrication of a 3D colloid crystal assembled in a layer-by-layer fashion on a template substrate. This method of assembling an ordered structure offers flexibility in the choice of crystal orientation, because of the template, and the ... Full text Cite

Mechanical performance of thin films in flexible displays

Conference Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · January 1, 2004 The use of brittle materials in flexible displays requires the understanding of the mechanical limitations of the materials and the various display architectures. We discuss various approaches to mechanical bend tests for components of flexible displays an ... Full text Cite

Methods of automatic seamless tiling for rapid deployment of projection displays

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · November 26, 2003 A large seamless display that could be set up rapidly, operated effectively, and moved quickly would be a great value to the military. Such a display system would be even more beneficial if it consisted entirely of easily available, commercial, off-the-she ... Full text Cite

Rapid automatic alignment of a tiled digital projection system

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · August 8, 2003 We have developed a mechanical, optical and digital system based only on commercially available equipment to allow a seamlessly tiled projection display system to be set up and aligned very rapidly. Using a digital camera and motorized projectors, our prot ... Full text Cite

Photonic crystal composites with reversible high-frequency stop band shifts

Journal Article Advanced Materials · May 2, 2003 The photonic crystal composites with reversible high-frequency stop band shifts were studied. Two forms of manipulating spherical colloidal particles for the generation of photonic crystals were used. A report on a procedure that allowed for the tailoring ... Full text Cite

Integration of photonic bandgap composites with piezoelectric actuators for rejection wavelength tuning

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · December 1, 2002 Physically robust photonic bandgap (PEG) composites based on electrostatically stabilized polymeric colloidal particles are presented. The glass transition (Tg) of the composites can be varied over a large temperature range through the selection ... Full text Cite

The motion of a single molecule, the lambda-receptor, in the bacterial outer membrane.

Journal Article Biophysical journal · December 2002 Using optical tweezers and single particle tracking, we have revealed the motion of a single protein, the lambda-receptor, in the outer membrane of living Escherichia coli bacteria. We genetically modified the lambda-receptor placing a biotin on an extrace ... Full text Cite

EB1-microtubule interactions in Xenopus egg extracts: role of EB1 in microtubule stabilization and mechanisms of targeting to microtubules.

Journal Article Molecular biology of the cell · October 2002 EB1 targets to polymerizing microtubule ends, where it is favorably positioned to regulate microtubule polymerization and confer molecular recognition of the microtubule end. In this study, we focus on two aspects of the EB1-microtubule interaction: regula ... Full text Cite

P-state-to-P-state transitions in optically prepared atomic collisions: II. Alignment propensity for Na(3p) → Li(2p) electron transfer

Journal Article Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics · May 14, 2002 The electron transfer reaction Li+ + Na(3p) → Li(2p) + Na+ is studied experimentally and theoretically in the velocity range v = 0.1-0.4 au. The final state manifold as a function of the optical preparation of the initial state is investigated by means of ... Full text Cite

P-state-to-P-state transitions in optically prepared atomic collisions: III. A complete analysis of Li+ + Na(3p) → Li(2p) + Na+ differential scattering

Journal Article Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · May 14, 2002 This paper reports experimental and theoretical P-state-to-P-state results for the electron transfer process Li+ + Na(3p) → Li(2p) + Na+ at an impact energy of 1 keV. By a systematic combination of the optical preparation of specific ... Full text Cite

P-state-to-P-state transitions in optically prepared atomic collisions: I. Theory of measurement in terms of Stokes parameters

Journal Article Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · May 14, 2002 We present a parametrization in terms of Stokes parameters for the scattering from a P state to a P state for atomic collisions in a beam experiment. The classic approach to a 'complete scattering experiment', well known for S-state-to-P-state transitions, ... Full text Cite

Optical tweezers: Probing biological surfaces

Journal Article Probe Microscopy · December 1, 2001 A pair of optical tweezers is an eminent tool for manipulating biological specimens at the macromolecular level. Optical tweezers measure corresponding forces and distances typically in the pico Newton and nanometer regim0es. Compared to the Atomic Force M ... Cite

Microtubule treadmilling in vitro investigated by fluorescence speckle and confocal microscopy.

Journal Article Biophysical journal · July 2001 Whether polarized treadmilling is an intrinsic property of microtubules assembled from pure tubulin has been controversial. We have tested this possibility by imaging the polymerization dynamics of individual microtubules in samples assembled to steady-sta ... Full text Cite

Final state alignment for Li+ + Na(3s) → Li (2p) + Na+ electron transfer

Journal Article Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · August 14, 1998 The final state integral alignment for the electron transfer process 6Li+ + Na(3s) → 6Li(2p) + Na+ is investigated in the keV energy range. Experimentally, polarization analysed photons from the Li I 22 Full text Cite

Optical tweezers based on near infrared diode laser

Journal Article Journal of Biomedical Optics · January 1, 1997 Emission from a single-mode 100 mW diode laser at 840 nm is used to create optical tweezers: the trapping laser beam is introduced into a microscope and focused by the objective. The microscope also allows monitoring of the motion of the trapped particles. ... Full text Cite

A cesium magneto-optical trap for cold collisions studies

Journal Article Optics Communications · December 15, 1996 A cesium magneto-optical trap operating at a large atomic density in multiple scattering regime has been investigated. The trap operates with a large Rabi frequency for trapping lasers. The atomic number, the dimension of the atomic cloud, the atomic densi ... Full text Cite

Compact microscope-based 850-nm optical tweezers

Conference Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering · January 1, 1996 Emission from a single mode 100 mW laser diode at 850 nm is used for realizing optical tweezers: the laser beam is introduced into a microscope and focused by the objective into the object plane. Injection of the beam into a 40X microscope objective has be ... Cite