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Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Liu, S; Liu, Q; Ostbye, T; Story, M; Deng, X; Chen, Y; Li, W; Wang, H; Qiu, J; Zhang, J
Published in: Sci Total Environ
November 15, 2017

AIMS: Since childhood exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, the aims of this study were to1) document PAH exposure levels among children in Chongqing, China by measuring urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNap), 2-hydroxyfluorine (2-OHFlu) and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OHPhe), and 2) assess the associations of urinary concentrations of these PAH metabolites with risk factors related to sources of PAHs inhalation and ingestion exposures and with personal attributes such as sex, age, and BMI. METHODS: The present study is a cross-sectional analysis using data drawn from the third follow up of a longitudinal study. Purposive sampling was used with all students in grades one to four in four schools being eligible to participate. The baseline survey included a total of 1237 students 5.8 to 12.2years of age. At the third follow up survey, 1.5years after the baseline survey, 1230 of the children had a physical exam and provided urine samples. Their parents completed a questionnaire including social-demographic information and possible sources of children's exposure to PAHs. Urine samples were measured for the four OH-PAHs using an HPLC-MS/MS technique. Concentrations were corrected by specific gravity. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate factors related to sources of PAHs exposure. RESULTS: The urinary concentrations were highest for 9-OHPhe (median at the range of 3661ng/L), followed by 2-OHNap (3189ng/L), 2-OHFlu (1116ng/L), and 1-OHPyr (250ng/L). In multiple linear regressions, being female (P=0.04), school location near a thermal power plant (P=0.02) and higher maternal age at birth (P<0.01) were associated with increased concentrations of urinary 1-OHPyr; no significant associations were found for 2-OHNap; school location near a thermal power plant (P<0.01) and lower family income (P<0.01) were associated with increased concentrations of urinary 2-OHFlu; higher age (P<0.01), school location near a thermal power plant (P=0.01), frequent consumption of smoked foods (P=0.04) and lower family income (P=0.07) were all found to be associated with increased concentrations of 9-OHPhe. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary concentrations of OH-PAHs, especially 9-OHPhe, were elevated in Chongqing Children compared to children in other countries. Being female, older age, school location near an industrial site, frequent consumption of smoked foods and lower family income were all associated with higher OH-PAHs concentrations. Further cohort studies are needed to confirm the associations between potential exposure sources and children's exposure to PAHs, in order to provide recommendations to reduce exposure.

Duke Scholars

Published In

Sci Total Environ

DOI

EISSN

1879-1026

Publication Date

November 15, 2017

Volume

598

Start / End Page

553 / 561

Location

Netherlands

Related Subject Headings

  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  • Risk Factors
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  • Male
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Environmental Exposure
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
 

Citation

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Liu, S., Liu, Q., Ostbye, T., Story, M., Deng, X., Chen, Y., … Zhang, J. (2017). Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China. Sci Total Environ, 598, 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.103
Liu, Shudan, Qin Liu, Truls Ostbye, Mary Story, Xu Deng, Yiwen Chen, Wenyan Li, Hong Wang, Jingfu Qiu, and Junfeng Zhang. “Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China.Sci Total Environ 598 (November 15, 2017): 553–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.103.
Liu S, Liu Q, Ostbye T, Story M, Deng X, Chen Y, et al. Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China. Sci Total Environ. 2017 Nov 15;598:553–61.
Liu, Shudan, et al. “Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China.Sci Total Environ, vol. 598, Nov. 2017, pp. 553–61. Pubmed, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.103.
Liu S, Liu Q, Ostbye T, Story M, Deng X, Chen Y, Li W, Wang H, Qiu J, Zhang J. Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China. Sci Total Environ. 2017 Nov 15;598:553–561.
Journal cover image

Published In

Sci Total Environ

DOI

EISSN

1879-1026

Publication Date

November 15, 2017

Volume

598

Start / End Page

553 / 561

Location

Netherlands

Related Subject Headings

  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  • Risk Factors
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  • Male
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Environmental Exposure
  • Cross-Sectional Studies