Scholars@Duke
Ramiro Maldonado

Ramiro Maldonado

Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery
ramiro.maldonado@duke.edu
Duke 2351 Erwin Rd, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC 27710
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Selected Publications

ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF BEVACIZUMAB TREATMENT IN PEDIATRIC AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE BESTROPHINOPATHY.

Journal Article Retin Cases Brief Rep · May 1, 2024 PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report functional and anatomical outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment in eyes with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) presenting in the first decade of life. METHODS: The study included case series of four eyes ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal Choroidal Development in Preterm Infants.

Journal Article Ophthalmol Sci · 2024 PURPOSE: To characterize changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness in preterm infants from 30 to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). DESIGN: The prospective, observational Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm infantS (BabySTEPS) enrolled infants eligible for reti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for proline-23-histidine autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.

Journal Article Curr Opin Ophthalmol · May 1, 2023 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss antisense oligonucleotide (ASON) therapy for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) caused by the proline-23-histidine (P23H) mutation in the rhodopsin gene. RECENT FINDINGS: Viral and nonviral therapies to treat adRP ... Full text Link to item Cite

Short-term outcomes in patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema after a single dose of intravitreal bevacizumab.

Journal Article Int J Retina Vitreous · November 17, 2022 BACKGROUND: A significant portion of diabetic macular edema (DME) is refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. This study investigates morphological and functional outcomes to a single intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injectio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Retinal Thinning in People With Well-Controlled HIV Infection.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · October 1, 2022 BACKGROUND: Retinal measurements correlate with disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis; however, whether they associate with neurologic disease in people with controlled HIV is unknown. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, w ... Full text Link to item Cite

Novel missense WFS1 variant causing autosomal dominant atypical Wolfram syndrome.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Genet · August 2022 BACKGROUND: In contrast to the classic autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome, Wolfram-like syndrome (WLS) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by heterozygous variants in the WFS1 gene. Here, we present deep phenotyping of a mother and son with a WFS1 va ... Full text Link to item Cite

Expanding the clinical phenotype in patients with disease causing variants associated with atypical Usher syndrome.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Genet · December 2021 Atypical Usher syndrome (USH) is poorly defined with a broad clinical spectrum. Here, we characterize the clinical phenotype of disease caused by variants in CEP78, CEP250, ARSG, and ABHD12.Chart review evaluating demographic, clinical, imaging, and geneti ... Full text Link to item Cite

MULTIMODAL EVIDENCE OF TYPE 3 NEOVASCULARIZATION IN ENHANCED S-CONE SYNDROME.

Journal Article Retin Cases Brief Rep · November 1, 2021 PURPOSE: To investigate, using multimodal imaging, the anatomy of neovascularization in eyes with enhanced S-cone syndrome. METHODS: Three eyes with neovascularization, from two patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome, were analyzed using fluorescein angiog ... Full text Link to item Cite

Acute-onset central serous retinopathy after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine

Journal Article American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports · September 1, 2021 Purpose: We report the case of a 33-year-old male who presented with unilateral central serous retinopathy three days after the injection of a COVID-19 vaccine. Observations: A 33-year-old healthy Hispanic male referred to the ophthalmology service due to ... Full text Cite

Multimodal imaging and genetic findings in a case of ARSG-related atypical Usher syndrome.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Genet · June 2021 Background: Atypical Usher syndrome has recently been associated with arylsulfatase G (ARSG) variants. In these cases, characteristic findings include progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) without vestibular involvement and ring-shaped late-onset r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phenotypic and Genetic Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy and Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · May 3, 2021 PURPOSE: Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) and vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) are distinct phenotypes, typically inherited through recessive and dominant patterns, respectively. Recessively inherited VMD (arVMD) has been reported, suggesting ... Full text Link to item Cite

Update on maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate toxicity.

Journal Article Curr Opin Ophthalmol · May 1, 2021 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive summary of available knowledge regarding toxic maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). RECENT FINDINGS: PPS toxicity was described in 2018, and additional st ... Full text Link to item Cite

New Insights Into Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy.

Conference Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · January 1, 2021 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To provide new insights into toxic maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate (PPS) utilizing multimodal testing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective case-series of four patients from two academic centers evaluated with multimo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gene therapy beyond luxturna: a new horizon of the treatment for inherited retinal disease.

Journal Article Curr Opin Ophthalmol · May 2020 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gene therapy offers, for the first time, the possibility to cure diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. The positive outcomes that led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Luxturna to treat Leber congenital amaurosi ... Full text Link to item Cite

GLUT1 deficiency: Retinal detrimental effects of gliovascular modulation

Journal Article Neurology: Genetics · January 1, 2020 Full text Cite

HANDHELD SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING THROUGH THE UNDILATED PUPIL IN INFANTS BORN PRETERM OR WITH HYPOXIC INJURY OR HYDROCEPHALUS.

Journal Article Retina · August 2018 PURPOSE: The authors investigated feasibility of undilated handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) retinal imaging in preterm infants and children with neurologic abnormalities. METHODS: Under an institutional review board-approved pr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Optical coherence tomography and wide-field fluorescein angiography in retinopathy of prematurity

Chapter · April 6, 2017 The advent and adaptation of many imaging modalities promise to revolutionize our understanding of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by improving the detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of response to treatment of this disease. Diagnosis and classification ... Full text Cite

Insulin, Hyperglycemia, and Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants.

Journal Article Am J Perinatol · March 2016 OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the association between hyperglycemia, insulin therapy, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective database study, we included all EL ... Full text Link to item Cite

Authors respond

Journal Article Neurology: Clinical Practice · February 1, 2016 Full text Cite

ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF BEVACIZUMAB TREATMENT IN PEDIATRIC AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE BESTROPHINOPATHY.

Journal Article Retin Cases Brief Rep · May 1, 2024 PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report functional and anatomical outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment in eyes with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) presenting in the first decade of life. METHODS: The study included case series of four eyes ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal Choroidal Development in Preterm Infants.

Journal Article Ophthalmol Sci · 2024 PURPOSE: To characterize changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness in preterm infants from 30 to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). DESIGN: The prospective, observational Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm infantS (BabySTEPS) enrolled infants eligible for reti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for proline-23-histidine autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.

Journal Article Curr Opin Ophthalmol · May 1, 2023 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss antisense oligonucleotide (ASON) therapy for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) caused by the proline-23-histidine (P23H) mutation in the rhodopsin gene. RECENT FINDINGS: Viral and nonviral therapies to treat adRP ... Full text Link to item Cite

Short-term outcomes in patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema after a single dose of intravitreal bevacizumab.

Journal Article Int J Retina Vitreous · November 17, 2022 BACKGROUND: A significant portion of diabetic macular edema (DME) is refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. This study investigates morphological and functional outcomes to a single intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injectio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Retinal Thinning in People With Well-Controlled HIV Infection.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · October 1, 2022 BACKGROUND: Retinal measurements correlate with disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis; however, whether they associate with neurologic disease in people with controlled HIV is unknown. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, w ... Full text Link to item Cite

Novel missense WFS1 variant causing autosomal dominant atypical Wolfram syndrome.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Genet · August 2022 BACKGROUND: In contrast to the classic autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome, Wolfram-like syndrome (WLS) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by heterozygous variants in the WFS1 gene. Here, we present deep phenotyping of a mother and son with a WFS1 va ... Full text Link to item Cite

Expanding the clinical phenotype in patients with disease causing variants associated with atypical Usher syndrome.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Genet · December 2021 Atypical Usher syndrome (USH) is poorly defined with a broad clinical spectrum. Here, we characterize the clinical phenotype of disease caused by variants in CEP78, CEP250, ARSG, and ABHD12.Chart review evaluating demographic, clinical, imaging, and geneti ... Full text Link to item Cite

MULTIMODAL EVIDENCE OF TYPE 3 NEOVASCULARIZATION IN ENHANCED S-CONE SYNDROME.

Journal Article Retin Cases Brief Rep · November 1, 2021 PURPOSE: To investigate, using multimodal imaging, the anatomy of neovascularization in eyes with enhanced S-cone syndrome. METHODS: Three eyes with neovascularization, from two patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome, were analyzed using fluorescein angiog ... Full text Link to item Cite

Acute-onset central serous retinopathy after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine

Journal Article American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports · September 1, 2021 Purpose: We report the case of a 33-year-old male who presented with unilateral central serous retinopathy three days after the injection of a COVID-19 vaccine. Observations: A 33-year-old healthy Hispanic male referred to the ophthalmology service due to ... Full text Cite

Multimodal imaging and genetic findings in a case of ARSG-related atypical Usher syndrome.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Genet · June 2021 Background: Atypical Usher syndrome has recently been associated with arylsulfatase G (ARSG) variants. In these cases, characteristic findings include progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) without vestibular involvement and ring-shaped late-onset r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phenotypic and Genetic Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy and Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · May 3, 2021 PURPOSE: Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) and vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) are distinct phenotypes, typically inherited through recessive and dominant patterns, respectively. Recessively inherited VMD (arVMD) has been reported, suggesting ... Full text Link to item Cite

Update on maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate toxicity.

Journal Article Curr Opin Ophthalmol · May 1, 2021 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive summary of available knowledge regarding toxic maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). RECENT FINDINGS: PPS toxicity was described in 2018, and additional st ... Full text Link to item Cite

New Insights Into Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy.

Conference Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · January 1, 2021 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To provide new insights into toxic maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate (PPS) utilizing multimodal testing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective case-series of four patients from two academic centers evaluated with multimo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gene therapy beyond luxturna: a new horizon of the treatment for inherited retinal disease.

Journal Article Curr Opin Ophthalmol · May 2020 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gene therapy offers, for the first time, the possibility to cure diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. The positive outcomes that led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Luxturna to treat Leber congenital amaurosi ... Full text Link to item Cite

GLUT1 deficiency: Retinal detrimental effects of gliovascular modulation

Journal Article Neurology: Genetics · January 1, 2020 Full text Cite

HANDHELD SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING THROUGH THE UNDILATED PUPIL IN INFANTS BORN PRETERM OR WITH HYPOXIC INJURY OR HYDROCEPHALUS.

Journal Article Retina · August 2018 PURPOSE: The authors investigated feasibility of undilated handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) retinal imaging in preterm infants and children with neurologic abnormalities. METHODS: Under an institutional review board-approved pr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Optical coherence tomography and wide-field fluorescein angiography in retinopathy of prematurity

Chapter · April 6, 2017 The advent and adaptation of many imaging modalities promise to revolutionize our understanding of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by improving the detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of response to treatment of this disease. Diagnosis and classification ... Full text Cite

Insulin, Hyperglycemia, and Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants.

Journal Article Am J Perinatol · March 2016 OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the association between hyperglycemia, insulin therapy, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective database study, we included all EL ... Full text Link to item Cite

Authors respond

Journal Article Neurology: Clinical Practice · February 1, 2016 Full text Cite

The application of optical coherence tomography in neurologic diseases.

Journal Article Neurol Clin Pract · October 2015 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an increasingly popular tool in various disciplines of medicine, particularly ophthalmology and neurology. It is an imaging technology that has revolutionized the practice of ophthalmology by providing anatomic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Retinal Imaging of Infants on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Journal Article Biomed Res Int · 2015 Spectral domain coherence tomography (SD OCT) has become an important tool in the management of pediatric retinal diseases. It is a noncontact imaging device that provides detailed assessment of the microanatomy and pathology of the infant retina with a sh ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of optic nerve development in preterm and term infants using handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · September 2014 PURPOSE: To evaluate effects of prematurity on early optic nerve (ON) development and the usefulness of ON parameters as indicators of central nervous system (CNS) development and pathology. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal study. PARTICI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Three-dimensional assessment of vascular and perivascular characteristics in subjects with retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · June 2014 PURPOSE: To study vascular features detected with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in subjects undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Fifty-seven premature neona ... Full text Link to item Cite

Racial variation in optic nerve head parameters quantified in healthy newborns by handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Journal Article J AAPOS · October 2013 PURPOSE: To characterize optic nerve head (ONH) morphology and parameters, including vertical disk diameter, vertical cup diameter, and vertical cup/disk ratio in healthy, full-term newborns using a handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD ... Full text Link to item Cite

Choroid development and feasibility of choroidal imaging in the preterm and term infants utilizing SD-OCT.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · June 14, 2013 PURPOSE: To determine whether choroidal imaging is feasible in preterm and term infants using an 840-nm portable spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system without the use of enhanced-depth imaging techniques and to assess choroidal devel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Optical coherence tomography in retinopathy of prematurity: looking beyond the vessels.

Journal Article Clin Perinatol · June 2013 Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness in the United States. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a relatively new imaging technology capable of imaging ocular structures in cross section at high resolution. We present ... Full text Link to item Cite

Macular findings in healthy full-term Hispanic newborns observed by hand-held spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · 2013 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To enhance understanding of ethnically diverse normal newborn retinal morphology, the authors report spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) macular findings in healthy Hispanic newborns. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In thi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic assessment of severity of cystoid macular edema in retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal Article Arch Ophthalmol · May 2012 OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the severity of cystoid macular edema (CME) in neonates who were 31 to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, as viewed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)imaging, predicts the severity of retinopathy of prematu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Image inversion spectral-domain optical coherence tomography optimizes choroidal thickness and detail through improved contrast.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · April 6, 2012 PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine whether there were significant differences in choroidal thickness, contrast, outer choroidal vessel (OCV), and choroidal-scleral junction (CSJ) visualization in inverted versus upright spectral-domain optical ... Full text Link to item Cite

Subfoveal fluid in healthy full-term newborns observed by handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Journal Article Am J Ophthalmol · January 2012 PURPOSE: To report retinal findings for healthy newborn infants imaged with handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. METHODS: Thirty-nine full-term newborn infants underwent dilated ret ... Full text Link to item Cite

Author reply

Other Ophthalmology · January 1, 2012 Full text Cite

Dynamics of human foveal development after premature birth.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · December 2011 PURPOSE: To determine the dynamic morphologic development of the human fovea in vivo using portable spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one prematurely born neonates, 9 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of pars plana vitrectomy for optic pit-related maculopathy with intraoperative optical coherence tomography: a possible connection with the vitreous cavity.

Journal Article Arch Ophthalmol · November 2011 Optimal management of optic pit-related maculopathy remains to be determined. The fluid source for the maculopathy also remains controversial. In this article, we present a unique surgical technique for internal drainage of the intraretinal fluid and descr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Macular features from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography as an adjunct to indirect ophthalmoscopy in retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal Article Retina · September 2011 PURPOSE: To compare vitreoretinal pathology imaged with portable handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to conventional indirect ophthalmoscopic examination in neonates undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity. METHODS: S ... Full text Link to item Cite

The use of optical coherence tomography in intraoperative ophthalmic imaging.

Journal Article Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging · July 2011 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has transformed diagnostic ophthalmic imaging but until recently has been limited to the clinic setting. The development of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT), with its improved speed and resolution, along with the development ... Full text Link to item Cite

Integration of a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system into a surgical microscope for intraoperative imaging.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · May 16, 2011 PURPOSE: To demonstrate an operating microscope-mounted spectral domain optical coherence tomography (MMOCT) system for human retinal and model surgery imaging. METHODS: A prototype MMOCT system was developed to interface directly with an ophthalmic surgic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reversible retinal edema in an infant with neonatal hemochromatosis and liver failure.

Journal Article J AAPOS · February 2011 We present a case of bilateral severe retinal edema with subretinal fluid in an infant diagnosed with neonatal hemochromatosis and liver failure. A macular cherry-red spot in each eye mimicked the clinical appearance of many metabolic storage diseases. Bot ... Full text Link to item Cite

Treatment of non-age-related macular degeneration submacular diseases with macular translocation surgery.

Journal Article Retina · 2011 PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of macular translocation surgery 360 in blinding submacular diseases other than age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: A retrospective, consecutive case review was performed of subjects treated with macular translocation su ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of contrast agents for enhanced visualization in optical coherence tomography.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · December 2010 PURPOSE: To identify and evaluate the use of contrast agents in optical coherence tomography (OCT) for ophthalmic applications. METHODS: Three agents-prednisolone acetate (PA), triamcinolone acetonide (TA), and lipid-based artificial tears (LBAT)-were test ... Full text Link to item Cite

Optimizing hand-held spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging for neonates, infants, and children.

Journal Article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · May 2010 PURPOSE: To describe age-related considerations and methods to improve hand-held spectral domain optical coherence tomography (HH-SD OCT) imaging of eyes of neonates, infants, and children. METHODS: Based on calculated optical parameters for neonatal and i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Insights into advanced retinopathy of prematurity using handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging.

Journal Article Ophthalmology · December 2009 PURPOSE: To elucidate the subclinical anatomy of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Three low-birth-weight, severely premature infants. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Intraoperative use of handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging in macular surgery.

Journal Article Retina · 2009 PURPOSE: To describe the intraoperative use of handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) imaging in macular surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. METHODS: A handheld SDOCT device was used to obtain preincision optical ... Full text Link to item Cite