Scholars@Duke
John Alexander Bartlett

John Alexander Bartlett

Professor of Medicine
Medicine, Infectious Diseases
bartl004@duke.edu
Duke Box 90519, Durham, NC 27710
235 Trent Hall, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

"They are not HIV treatments drugs; they are preventive drugs (PrEP)". Experiences of PrEP uptake among vulnerable adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2025 INTRODUCTION: HIV poses a significant global health concern, affecting adolescents among other populations. This is attributed to various vulnerabilities including biological factors, gender inequalities and limited access to comprehensive sexual and repro ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nucleic acid amplification testing using dried blood spots to confirm the diagnosis of HIV-1 in adults.

Journal Article J Clin Virol · December 2024 BACKGROUND: The WHO HIV testing algorithm for high prevalence populations recommends the use of three different serologic assays, though this approach may lead to diagnostic misclassification. The study objective was to compare dried blood spot (DBS)-based ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efficacy of mobile phone intervention to increase male partner antenatal care attendance for HIV testing in Moshi municipal, Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial.

Journal Article BMC Pregnancy Childbirth · April 24, 2024 BACKGROUND: HIV partner counselling and testing in antenatal care (ANC) is a crucial strategy to raise the number of males who know their HIV status. However, in many settings like Tanzania, male involvement in antenatal care remains low, and there is a de ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Preparing Institutions to Implement Harmonized Medicine and Nursing Curricula Through the Use of Cross-Institutional Faculty Developers

Journal Article Advances in Medical Education and Practice · January 1, 2024 Background: Effective implementation of new curricula requires faculty to be knowledgeable about curriculum goals and have the appropriate pedagogical skills to implement the curriculum, even more so if the new curriculum is being deployed at multiple inst ... Full text Cite

Influence of peer discussions on trust in recommendations for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2024 BACKGROUND: Mothers attending prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV clinics seem to lack knowledge on many aspects of PMTCT, among which is breastfeeding. Breastfeeding recommendations in PMTCT have changed several times over the years ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cancer Treatment Decision-Making for People Living With HIV: Physician-Reported Barriers, Facilitators, and Recommendations.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · December 15, 2023 BACKGROUND: Compared with the general cancer population, people living with HIV (PLWH) and cancer are less likely to receive treatment and have significantly elevated cancer-specific mortality for many common cancer types. Physician recommendations drive t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pregnant individuals' information needs and intention to vaccinate their children with routine and COVID-19 vaccines: Findings from a cross-sectional survey.

Journal Article Int J Gynaecol Obstet · July 2023 OBJECTIVE: The current study assessed pregnant individuals' intention to accept routine and COVID-19 vaccines for their baby after birth, and to identify key demographic (e.g., age) and nondemographic characteristics (e.g., prior birth) associated with vac ... Full text Link to item Cite

The process of harmonizing competency-based curricula for medicine and nursing degree programmes: A Multi-institutional and multi-professional experience from Tanzania.

Journal Article Med Teach · July 2023 In many low- and middle-income countries, there seems to be a mismatch between graduate skills and healthcare industry requirements due to variability in curricula. With the current increased global demand for competent health profession graduates, harmoni ... Full text Link to item Cite

Improving Cancer Care for People Living With HIV: A Qualitative Study of Provider Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice.

Journal Article Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys · May 1, 2023 PURPOSE: Cancer is now the leading cause of non-AIDS death in the US population with HIV. People living with HIV (PLWH) are known to have lower cancer treatment rates and worse cancer outcomes. Disparate cancer treatment is driven by health system, patient ... Full text Link to item Cite

Metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Mwanza, Tanzania.

Journal Article BMC Endocr Disord · April 21, 2023 BACKGROUND: HIV and antiretroviral drugs, particularly protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, may increase the risk of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, following the introduction of bett ... Full text Link to item Cite

Failure to Attain HIV Viral Suppression After Intensified Adherence Counselling-What Can We Learn About Its Factors?

Journal Article Infect Drug Resist · 2023 BACKGROUND: Introduction and expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have turned the tide of HIV pandemic, thus helping people living with HIV (PLHIV) achieve viral suppression. This success may need to be complemented by intensified adherence counseling ... Full text Link to item Cite

The high burden of erectile dysfunction among men living with HIV in northern Tanzania: a call for evidence-based interventions.

Journal Article Front Urol · 2023 BACKGROUND: The extent of the burden of erectile dysfunction and its associated factors remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with ED and its prevalence among MLHIV in northern Tanzania. METHODS: A hospital-based, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Opportunities and challenges to non-communicable disease (NCD) research and training in Pakistan: a qualitative study from Pakistan.

Journal Article BMJ Open · December 19, 2022 INTRODUCTION: Most of the global non-communicable disease (NCD)-related death burden is borne by low and middle-income countries (LMICs). In LMICs like Pakistan, however, a major gap in responding to NCDs is a lack of high-quality research leading to polic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Correlates of Blood Pressure Awareness, Treatment, and Control Among Adults 50 Years or Older by HIV Status in Northwestern Tanzania.

Journal Article Curr Hypertens Rep · August 2022 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The objective of this study was to describe the increasing incidence and risk of cardiovascular disease among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Sub-Saharan Africa. We also used data to compare hypertension (a common NCD among PLWH) outco ... Full text Link to item Cite

Healthcare-seeking behaviour, barriers to care and predictors of symptom improvement among patients with cardiovascular disease in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Int Health · July 1, 2022 BACKGROUND: Little is known about healthcare-seeking behaviour and barriers to care for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Emergency department patients in Tanzania with acute CVD were prospectively enrolled. Questionnaires were a ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Predictors of Self-repackaging of Antiretroviral Therapy in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Am J Health Behav · April 20, 2022 Objectives: In this study, we explored determinants of "researcher-observed" patient-initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) repackaging practices among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Northern Tanzania. Methods: We used a quasi-experimental design to des ... Full text Link to item Cite

Is lack of health insurance a predictor of worsening of heart failure among adult patients attending referral hospitals in Northwestern Tanzania?

Journal Article PLoS One · 2022 INTRODUCTION: Health insurance coverage is critical for persons living with chronic conditions such as heart failure. Lack of health insurance may affect the ability to access regular healthcare appointments, pay for medication refills which can result in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Adherence to Optimal Breastfeeding Practices Among HIV-Positive Mothers in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Journal Article Patient Prefer Adherence · 2022 PURPOSE: We sought to assess how HIV-positive mothers enrolled in the PMTCT program adhere to breastfeeding recommendations concerning early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), ie, within one hour of birth, pre-lacteal feeds, exclusive breastfeeding until ... Full text Link to item Cite

Joint Research Mentoring Through the Community of Young Research Peers: A Case for a Unifying Model for Research Mentorship at Higher Learning Institutions.

Journal Article Adv Med Educ Pract · 2022 BACKGROUND: Mentorship is pivotal for sustainability of a successful research culture at higher learning institutions. Various models have been proposed for provision of research mentorship in health sciences but are challenged by utilizing predominantly h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cervical cancer in Northern Tanzania-What do women living with HIV know.

Journal Article Front Oncol · 2022 BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) is more prevalent in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection compared to the general population. The magnitude is high among all countries burdened with HIV-Tanzania is no exception. Despite the unpre ... Full text Link to item Cite

The impact of out-of-pocket expenditures on missed appointments at HIV care and treatment centers in Northern Tanzania

Journal Article Global Health Journal · June 1, 2021 Background: Missed clinic appointments negatively impact clinic patient flow and health outcomes of people living with HIV (PLHIV). PLHIV likelihood of missing clinic appointments is associated with direct and indirect expenditures made while accessing HIV ... Full text Open Access Cite

Building sustainable research capacity at higher learning institutions in Tanzania through mentoring of the Young Research Peers.

Journal Article BMC Med Educ · March 17, 2021 BACKGROUND: Sustainability of research culture in Sub-Saharan Africa is threatened in part by the lack of a critical mass of young researchers with the requisite skills and interest to undertake research careers. This paper describes an intensive mentorshi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Disparities in Cardiovascular Research Output and Disease Outcomes among High-, Middle- and Low-Income Countries - An Analysis of Global Cardiovascular Publications over the Last Decade (2008-2017).

Journal Article Glob Heart · January 18, 2021 BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Health research is crucial to managing disease burden. Previous work has highlighted marked discrepancies in research output and disease burden between high-in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of predicted cardiovascular risk profiles by different cvd risk-scoring algorithms between hiv-1-infected and uninfected adults: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania

Journal Article HIV AIDS Research and Palliative Care · January 1, 2021 Purpose: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is a suitable way to differentiate between high-risk individuals requiring intervention and risk modification, and those at low risk. However, concerns have been raised when adopting a CVD-risk predicti ... Full text Cite

Do Women Enrolled in PMTCT Understand the Recommendations: A Case Study from Kilimanjaro.

Journal Article Patient Prefer Adherence · 2021 INTRODUCTION: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) remains a cornerstone of HIV prevention and control efforts. It is vital that the beneficiaries of PMTCT programs understand PMTCT recommendations, especially since their adherence to recomme ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant UTI Among People Living with HIV in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Infect Drug Resist · 2021 BACKGROUND: Bacterial urinary tract infection (BUTI) is the commonest urinary tract infection among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). It causes significant morbidity in this vulnerable group. Immunosuppression due to HIV can mask the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of a Triage-Based Screening Protocol on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tanzanian Emergency Department: A Prospective Pre-Post Study.

Journal Article J Am Heart Assoc · August 18, 2020 Background Evidence suggests that acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is underdiagnosed in sub-Saharan Africa. Triage-based interventions have improved ACS diagnosis and management in high-income settings but have not been evaluated in sub-Saharan African emerge ... Full text Link to item Cite

Awareness of Cancer Risk Factors and Its Signs and Symptoms in Northern Tanzania: a Cross-Sectional Survey in the General Population and in People Living with HIV.

Journal Article J Cancer Educ · August 2020 An important component of cancer control programs for the growing burden in sub-Saharan Africa is a population's awareness of risk factors. Studies thereof have focused on single rather than multiple cancers and carcinogens. During March and April 2015, we ... Full text Link to item Cite

Acute myocardial infarction under-diagnosis and mortality in a Tanzanian emergency department: A prospective observational study.

Journal Article Am Heart J · August 2020 BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that under-diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may be common in sub-Saharan Africa. Prospective studies of routine AMI screening among patients presenting to emergency departments in sub-Saharan Africa are l ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Prevalence and Outcome of HIV-associated Malignancies Among HIV-infected Children Enrolled into Care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center 2006 to 2014: A Hospital-based Retrospective Analytical Study.

Journal Article J Pediatr Hematol Oncol · January 2020 OBJECTIVE: We aimed to establish the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated malignancies in children attending a care and treatment clinic at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Does Antiretroviral Therapy Packaging Matter? Perceptions and Preferences of Antiretroviral Therapy Packaging for People Living with HIV in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Patient Prefer Adherence · 2020 INTRODUCTION: Despite improvements in treatment (eg, reduction in pill intake), antiretroviral therapy (ART) is dispensed in socially inefficient and uneconomical packaging. To make pills less conspicuous and decrease the risk of being stigmatized, people ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Cancer spectrum in HIV-infected patients: A zonal hospital experience in Tanzania.

Journal Article Cancer Treat Res Commun · 2020 BACKGROUND: Although the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Tanzania is high, limited data are available on cancers in HIV-infected patients. We aimed to determine the spectrum and prevalence of cancers in HIV-infected patients atten ... Full text Link to item Cite

The burden of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and stroke among emergency department admissions in Tanzania: A retrospective observational study.

Journal Article Afr J Emerg Med · December 2019 INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa is substantial and growing. Much remains to be learned about the relative burden of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure, and stroke on emergency departments and hospital ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Individual and partner characteristics associated with HIV testing and counseling uptake among individuals 50 years or older in Tanzania.

Journal Article Int J STD AIDS · December 2019 HIV prevention efforts have historically focused on people aged 15-49, despite mounting evidence of risk behavior and increased disease burden among older adults. We analyzed survey data from 600 adults ≥ 50 years in the Rombo District of Tanzania. Logisti ... Full text Link to item Cite

The effect of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy on carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal Article Life Sci · October 15, 2019 AIMS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) to elucidate the role of HIV infection and ART. Also, an analysis on the role of ethnicity and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cancer disparities in people with HIV: A systematic review of screening for non-AIDS-defining malignancies.

Journal Article Cancer · March 15, 2019 BACKGROUND: People with HIV (PWHIV) have improved survival because of the advent of antiretroviral therapy. Consequently, PWHIV experience higher rates of non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining malignancies (NADMs). Previous studies have demonstra ... Full text Link to item Cite

Correction to: Association of HIV-infection, antiretroviral treatment and metabolic syndrome with large artery stiffness: a cross-sectional study.

Journal Article BMC Infect Dis · February 22, 2019 Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that they have provided the wrong caption. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Association of HIV-infection, antiretroviral treatment and metabolic syndrome with large artery stiffness: a cross-sectional study.

Journal Article BMC Infect Dis · December 29, 2018 BACKGROUND: Effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved life expectancy among people living with HIV-1 infection. Treated HIV-1infection increases the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS). Despite sub-Saharan Africa having among the high ... Full text Link to item Cite

Patient-Initiated Repackaging of Antiretroviral Therapy, Viral Suppression and Drug Resistance.

Journal Article AIDS Behav · May 2018 Patient-initiated repackaging of antiretroviral therapy (ART) refers to removal of ART medications from their original manufacturer's containers, and putting them into alternative containers. This behavior may be triggered by stigma associated with HIV inf ... Full text Link to item Cite

Building Clinical Clerkships Capacity in a Resource-limited Setting: The Case of the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College in Tanzania.

Journal Article Ann Glob Health · April 30, 2018 BACKGROUND: The shortage of medical doctors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has resulted in increased enrolment in medical schools, which has not been matched with increased faculty size or physical infrastructure. This process has led to overcrowding and poss ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development and validation of an electronic medical record (EMR)-based computed phenotype of HIV-1 infection.

Journal Issue J Am Med Inform Assoc · February 1, 2018 BACKGROUND: Electronic medical record (EMR) computed algorithms allow investigators to screen thousands of patient records to identify specific disease cases. No computed algorithms have been developed to detect all cases of human immunodeficiency virus (H ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Limited Settings

Chapter · January 1, 2018 Antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment has been proven to slow the progression of disease and reduce the risk of transmission for individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The goal of ART treatment is to completely inhibit viral replic ... Cite

HIV Resistance and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Regimen in HIV-Infected Infants in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 2017 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) guidelines recommend that all HIV-infected pregnant women receive antiretroviral therapy (Option B) and HIV-infected infants should initiate therapy with a protease inhibitor-based regimen; however, implem ... Full text Link to item Cite

Partnership Conference.

Journal Article Ann Glob Health · 2017 BACKGROUND: The Duke Global Health Institute (DGHI) was founded in 2006 with a goal to foster interdisciplinary global health education and research across Duke University and Duke Medical Center. Critical to achieving this goal is the need to develop and ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients on lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy in resource-limited settings.

Journal Article Antivir Ther · 2017 BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an emerging concern for HIV-infected patients. Hyperlipidaemia is a risk factor for CVD and a complication of protease-inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy, but little is known about its incidence and risk fact ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predictors of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2017 BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality amongst those living with HIV and reduce transmission of the virus to those who are yet to be infected. However, these outcomes depend on maximum ART adhe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral treatment and time since HIV-1 diagnosis are associated with large artery stiffness in sub-Saharan African HIV-1 patients

Journal Article Artery Research · December 1, 2016 Background HIV-1 infection in northern populations is associated with increased large artery stiffness, both in the absence and presence of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). It is unclear if similar changes occur in sub-Sahara African HIV-infect ... Full text Cite

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Sequence Changes and Drug Resistance Mutation Among Virologic Failures of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5230.

Journal Article Open Forum Infect Dis · September 2016 Background.  The mechanism of virologic failure (VF) of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy is not well understood. We assessed sequence changes in human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse-transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) regions. Methods.  Human imm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nonnucleoside Reverse-transcriptase Inhibitor- vs Ritonavir-boosted Protease Inhibitor-based Regimens for Initial Treatment of HIV Infection: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Randomized Trials.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · July 15, 2016 BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) cause faster virologic suppression, while ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r) recover more CD4 cells. However, individual trials have not been powere ... Full text Link to item Cite

Association of knowledge on ART line of treatment, scarcity of treatment options and adherence.

Journal Article BMC Health Serv Res · July 15, 2016 BACKGROUND: Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is critical piece in the management of HIV infected patients. Despite the benefits of ART, non-adherence to ART persists. This study explores association between patient's knowledge of the ART line of t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Enhancing future acceptance of rural placement in Tanzania through peripheral hospital rotations for medical students.

Journal Article BMC Med Educ · February 9, 2016 BACKGROUND: Mal-distribution of health care workers is a global health challenge that exacerbates health disparities, especially in resource-limited settings. Interventions to mitigate the problem have targeted qualified personnel with little focus on medi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phenotype, Genotype, and Drug Resistance in Subtype C HIV-1 Infection.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · January 15, 2016 BACKGROUND: Virologic failure in subtype C is characterized by high resistance to first-line antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, including efavirenz, nevirapine, and lamivudine, with nucleoside resistance including type 2 thymidine analog mutations, K65R, a T69del ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Effect of Switching to Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy on the Risk of Opportunistic Infections Among Patients Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Open Forum Infect Dis · January 2016 Background.  Due to the unintended potential misclassifications of the World Health Organization (WHO) immunological failure criteria in predicting virological failure, limited availability of treatment options, poor laboratory infrastructure, and healthca ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lopinavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy as Second-line Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Limited Settings: Week 104 Analysis of AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5230.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · May 15, 2015 BACKGROUND: The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5230 study evaluated lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy following virologic failure (VF) on first-line human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) regimens in Africa and Asia. METHODS: Eligible subjects had re ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Etiologies of illness among patients meeting integrated management of adolescent and adult illness district clinician manual criteria for severe infections in northern Tanzania: implications for empiric antimicrobial therapy.

Journal Article Am J Trop Med Hyg · February 2015 We describe the laboratory-confirmed etiologies of illness among participants in a hospital-based febrile illness cohort study in northern Tanzania who retrospectively met Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness District Clinician Manual (IMA ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with skin complaints in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Int J Dermatol · January 2015 Abnormal skin findings are identified in over 90% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons globally. A prospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients with skin complaints commencing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in northern Tanzania was und ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

IL-10, IL-15, IL-17, and GMCSF levels in cervical cancer tissue of Tanzanian women infected with HPV16/18 vs. non-HPV16/18 genotypes.

Journal Article Infect Agent Cancer · 2015 BACKGROUND: Despite comparable screening rates for precancerous lesions, higher incidence and mortality related to cervical cancer in minority women persists. Recent evidence suggests that minority women with precancerous cervical lesions harbor a wider ra ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Dolutegravir, the Second-Generation of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) for the Treatment of HIV.

Journal Article Infect Dis Ther · December 2014 The integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the newest antiretroviral class in the HIV treatment armamentarium. Dolutegravir (DTG) is the only second-generation INSTI with FDA approval (2013). It has potential advantages in comparison to first-ge ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug susceptibility and resistance mutations after first-line failure in resource limited settings.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · September 1, 2014 BACKGROUND: The development of drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has been associated with baseline human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RNA level (VL), CD4 cel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Association of first-line and second-line antiretroviral therapy adherence.

Journal Article Open Forum Infect Dis · September 2014 BACKGROUND: Adherence to first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be an important indicator of adherence to second-line ART. Evaluating this relationship may be critical to identify patients at high risk for second-line failure, thereby exhausting their ... Full text Link to item Cite

Modernizing and transforming medical education at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College.

Journal Article Acad Med · August 2014 The Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University (KCMU) College and the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) are addressing the crisis in Tanzanian health care manpower by modernizing the college's medical education with new tools and techniques. Wi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Severe acute malnutrition in childhood: hormonal and metabolic status at presentation, response to treatment, and predictors of mortality.

Journal Article J Clin Endocrinol Metab · June 2014 OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. To identify and target those at highest risk, there is a critical need to characterize biomarkers that predict complications prior to and during treatment. METHODS: We used targ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prognosis and delay of diagnosis among Kaposi's sarcoma patients in Uganda: A cross-sectional study

Journal Article Infectious Agents and Cancer · May 20, 2014 Background: In low- and middle-income countries, the association between delay to treatment and prognosis for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) patients is yet to be studied. Methods. This is a prospective study of HIV-infected adults with histologically-confirmed KS ... Full text Cite

Introduction of team-based learning (TBL) at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College: experience with the ectoparasites module.

Journal Article Med Teach · April 2014 BACKGROUND: Contemporary teaching in sub-Saharan African medical schools is largely through didactic and problem-based approaches. These schools face challenges from burgeoning student numbers, severe faculty shortages, faculty without instruction in teach ... Full text Link to item Cite

PEG1/MEST and IGF2 DNA methylation in CIN and in cervical cancer

Journal Article Clinical and Translational Oncology · March 1, 2014 Introduction: Although most invasive cervical cancer (ICC) harbor <20 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, use of HPV screening to predict ICC from HPV has low specificity, resulting in multiple and costly follow-up visits and overtreatment. We examined D ... Full text Cite

PEG1/MEST and IGF2 DNA methylation in CIN and in cervical cancer.

Journal Article Clin Transl Oncol · March 2014 INTRODUCTION: Although most invasive cervical cancer (ICC) harbor <20 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, use of HPV screening to predict ICC from HPV has low specificity, resulting in multiple and costly follow-up visits and overtreatment. We examined D ... Full text Link to item Cite

A randomized controlled trial of standard versus intensified tuberculosis diagnostics on treatment decisions by physicians in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article BMC Infect Dis · February 20, 2014 BACKGROUND: Routine tuberculosis culture remains unavailable in many high-burden areas, including Tanzania. This study sought to determine the impact of providing mycobacterial culture results over standard of care [unconcentrated acid-fast (AFB) smears] o ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

A randomized controlled trial of standard versus intensified tuberculosis diagnostics on treatment decisions by physicians in Northern Tanzania

Journal Article BMC Infectious Diseases · February 20, 2014 Background: Routine tuberculosis culture remains unavailable in many high-burden areas, including Tanzania. This study sought to determine the impact of providing mycobacterial culture results over standard of care [unconcentrated acid-fast (AFB) smears] o ... Full text Cite

Progress in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in three regions of Tanzania: a retrospective analysis.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2014 BACKGROUND: Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 remains an important problem in sub-Saharan Africa where most new pediatric HIV-1 infections occur. Early infant diagnosis of HIV-1 using dried blood spot (DBS) PCR among exposed infants provides an ... Full text Link to item Cite

PEG1/MEST and IGF2 DNA methylation in CIN and in cervical cancer

Journal Article Clinical and Translational Oncology · 2014 Cite

Sustainability of cancer registration in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania--a qualitative assessment.

Journal Article World Health Popul · 2014 The projected cancer burden in Africa demands a comprehensive surveillance strategy. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) is developing a population-based cancer registry, and understanding stakeholders' perceptions of factors impacting cancer regis ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of HIV infection on the metabolic and hormonal status of children with severe acute malnutrition.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2014 BACKGROUND: HIV infection occurs in 30% of children with severe acute malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. Effects of HIV on the pathophysiology and recovery from malnutrition are poorly understood. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 75 sev ... Full text Link to item Cite

Integrating routine HIV screening into a primary care setting in rural North Carolina.

Journal Article J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care · 2014 Blacks living in the southern United States are disproportionately affected by HIV infection. Identifying and treating those who are infected is an important strategy for reducing HIV transmission. A model for integrating rapid HIV screening into community ... Full text Link to item Cite

Chest radiography for predicting the cause of febrile illness among inpatients in Moshi, Tanzania.

Journal Article Clin Radiol · October 2013 AIM: To describe chest radiographic abnormalities and assess their usefulness for predicting causes of fever in a resource-limited setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Febrile patients were enrolled in Moshi, Tanzania, and chest radiographs were evaluated by ra ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lack of protease inhibitor resistance following treatment failure--too good to be true?

Journal Article J Clin Invest · September 2013 A 29-year-old man with recently diagnosed HIV infection and a CD4 cell count of 225/mm³ began treatment with atazanavir (300 mg), ritonavir (100 mg), emtricitabine (200 mg), and tenofovir (300 mg) daily. For 18 months, he was treatment adherent and his pla ... Full text Link to item Cite

Associations between methylation of paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer.

Journal Article PLoS One · 2013 Cytology-based screening for invasive cervical cancer (ICC) lacks sensitivity and specificity to discriminate between cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) likely to persist or progress from cases likely to resolve. Genome-wide approaches have been used ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cancer registration needs assessment at a tertiary medical centre in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Journal Article World Health Popul · 2013 Cancer burden is increasing in Africa more than in any other continent, but population-based tracking of cancer incidence is incomplete. Cancer registries can improve understanding of cancer incidence. To assess organizational readiness to sustain registry ... Full text Link to item Cite

Etiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in Northern Tanzania: a prospective cohort study.

Journal Article PLoS Negl Trop Dis · 2013 INTRODUCTION: The syndrome of fever is a commonly presenting complaint among persons seeking healthcare in low-resource areas, yet the public health community has not approached fever in a comprehensive manner. In many areas, malaria is over-diagnosed, and ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Brucellosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Am J Trop Med Hyg · December 2012 Acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from febrile inpatients identified at two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Confirmed brucellosis was defined as a positive blood culture or a ≥ 4-fold increase in microagglutination test titer, and probable ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy after virologic failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.

Journal Article AIDS · July 17, 2012 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate virologic response rates of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) monotherapy as second-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) among adults in resource-limited settings (RLSs). DESIGN: An open-label pilot study of LPV/r monotherapy in participant ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Bacteremic disseminated tuberculosis in sub-saharan Africa: a prospective cohort study.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · July 2012 BACKGROUND: Disseminated tuberculosis is a major health problem in countries where generalized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemics coincide with high tuberculosis incidence rates; data are limited on patient outcomes beyond the inpatient ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Chikungunya and dengue fever among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Am J Trop Med Hyg · January 2012 Consecutive febrile admissions were enrolled at two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Confirmed acute Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and flavivirus infection were defined as a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result. Presumptive acute ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Distribution of HPV genotypes in cervical intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer in Tanzanian women.

Journal Article Infect Agent Cancer · November 14, 2011 BACKGROUND: Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cancers (ICC). Approximately 80% of ICC cases are diagnosed in under-developed countries. Vaccine development relies on k ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Am J Trop Med Hyg · August 2011 We enrolled consecutive febrile admissions to two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Confirmed leptospirosis was defined as a ≥ 4-fold increase in microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titer; probable leptospirosis as reciprocal MAT titer ≥ 800; and exposure to ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Q fever, spotted fever group, and typhus group rickettsioses among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · August 2011 BACKGROUND: The importance of Q fever, spotted fever group rickettsiosis (SFGR), and typhus group rickettsiosis (TGR) as causes of febrile illness in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown; the putative role of Q fever as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Invasive bacterial and fungal infections among hospitalized HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children and infants in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Trop Med Int Health · July 2011 OBJECTIVE: To describe the contribution of paediatric HIV and of HIV co-infections to admissions to a hospital in Moshi, Tanzania, using contemporary laboratory methods. METHODS: During 1 year, we enrolled consecutively admitted patients aged ≥2 months and ... Full text Link to item Cite

A cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative HIV retesting strategies in sub-saharan Africa.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · April 15, 2011 BACKGROUND: Guidelines in sub-Saharan Africa on when HIV-seronegative persons should retest range from never to annually for lower-risk populations and from annually to every 3 months for high-risk populations. METHODS: We designed a mathematical model to ... Full text Link to item Cite

Invasive bacterial and fungal infections among hospitalized HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults and adolescents in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · February 1, 2011 BACKGROUND: few studies describe patterns of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections in African hospitals in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. METHODS: we enrolled consecutive admitted patients aged ≥ 13 years with oral temperature of ≥ 38.0°C ... Full text Link to item Cite

Who tests, who doesn't, and why? Uptake of mobile HIV counseling and testing in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania.

Journal Article PLoS One · January 31, 2011 BACKGROUND: Optimally, expanded HIV testing programs should reduce barriers to testing while attracting new and high-risk testers. We assessed barriers to testing and HIV risk among clients participating in mobile voluntary counseling and testing (MVCT) ca ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

The increasing impact of human immunodeficiency virus infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and viral hepatitis in Durham County, North Carolina: a call for coordinated and integrated services.

Journal Article N C Med J · 2011 BACKGROUND: Durham County, North Carolina, faces high rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (with or without progression to AIDS) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We explored the use of health care services and the prevalence of co ... Open Access Link to item Cite

LEPTOSPIROSIS AMONG HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH FEBRILE ILLNESS IN NORTHERN TANZANIA

Conference AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE · November 1, 2010 Link to item Cite

Establishment of haematological and immunological reference values for healthy Tanzanian children in Kilimanjaro Region.

Journal Article Trop Med Int Health · September 2010 OBJECTIVE: To determine the normal haematological and immunological reference intervals for healthy Tanzanian children. METHODS: We analysed data from 655 HIV-seronegative, healthy children from 1 month to 18 years of age from the Kilimanjaro Region of Tan ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predicting virologic failure among HIV-1-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · August 2010 BACKGROUND: Many HIV care and treatment programs in resource-limited settings rely on clinical and immunologic monitoring of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but accuracy of this strategy to detect virologic failure (VF) among children has not been evaluated. ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Microalbuminuria predicts overt proteinuria among patients with HIV infection.

Journal Article HIV Med · August 2010 BACKGROUND: This study examines the association between microalbuminuria and the development of proteinuria among HIV-infected persons. METHODS: A total of 948 subjects provided urine samples for albumin, protein and creatinine measurements semiannually. M ... Full text Link to item Cite

Early versus delayed fixed dose combination abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine in patients with HIV and tuberculosis in Tanzania.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · December 2009 Fixed dose combination abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV) among HIV-1 and tuberculosis (TB)-coinfected patients was evaluated and outcomes between early vs. delayed initiation were compared. In a randomized, pilot study conducted in the Kilimanja ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Characteristics of HIV voluntary counseling and testing clients before and during care and treatment scale-up in Moshi, Tanzania.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · December 2009 OBJECTIVES: We evaluated changes in characteristics of clients presenting for voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) before and during care and treatment center (CTC) scale-up activities in Moshi, Tanzania, between November 2003 and December 2007. METHODS: ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of a dried blood spot HIV-1 RNA program for early infant diagnosis and viral load monitoring at rural and remote healthcare facilities.

Journal Article AIDS · November 27, 2009 OBJECTIVE: To assess technical and operational performance of a dried blood spot (DBS)-based HIV-1 RNA service for remote healthcare facilities in a low-income country. DESIGN: A method comparison and operational evaluation of DBS RNA against conventional ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV DISEASE AND BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS AMONG FEBRILE PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS IN NORTHERN TANZANIA

Conference AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE · November 1, 2009 Link to item Cite

Missed opportunities for diagnosis of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in Moshi, Tanzania.

Journal Article Int J Tuberc Lung Dis · October 2009 SETTING: A community-based voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center in Moshi, Tanzania. OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of prior human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing among clients with and without previous tuberculosis (TB) treatment, and HIV seropo ... Link to item Cite

Successes, challenges, and limitations of current antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries.

Journal Article Lancet Infect Dis · October 2009 As a result of the scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes and substantial financial support worldwide, an increasing number of HIV-infected individuals in low-income and middle-income countries (LIMCs) now have access to ART. Despite this pr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Morbidity and mortality among a cohort of HIV-infected adults in a programme for community home-based care, in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania (2003-2005).

Journal Article Ann Trop Med Parasitol · April 2009 Community home-based care (CHBC) plays an integral role in the care of HIV-infected patients living in resource-limited regions. A longitudinal cohort study has recently been conducted, in the Kilimanjaro Region of northern Tanzania, in order to identify t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Delaying a treatment switch in antiretroviral-treated HIV type 1-infected patients with detectable drug-resistant viremia does not have a profound effect on immune parameters: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5115.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · February 2009 Some patients are unable to achieve and maintain an undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA level with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are therefore maintained on a partially suppressive regimen. To determine the immune consequences of continuing ART de ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV infection and AIDS

Chapter · January 1, 2009 While remarkable therapeutic advances have prolonged the lives of many people infected with HIV, the HIV pandemic continues to expand, particularly in the most impoverished regions of the world. By the end of 2005, there were approximately 40 million peopl ... Cite

Invasive disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria, Tanzania.

Journal Article Emerg Infect Dis · January 2009 Data on nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. During 2006-2008, we identified 3 HIV-infected patients in northern Tanzania who had invasive NTM; 2 were infected with "Mycobacterium sherrisii" and 1 with M. avium comp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Obstacles and proposed solutions to effective antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.

Journal Article J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) · 2009 More than 3 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2007, but this number represents only 31% of people clinically eligible for ART in resource-limited settings. The primary objective of this study is to summarize the key o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Low sensitivity of T-cell based detection of tuberculosis among HIV co-infected Tanzanian in-patients.

Journal Article East Afr Med J · September 2008 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of QuantiFERON-TB GOLD (QFTG) in a resource-poor setting among patients with and without HIV infection. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Two hospitals in Northern Tanzania. SUBJECTS: Eighty three adult male and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gender differences in the risk of HIV infection among persons reporting abstinence, monogamy, and multiple sexual partners in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article PLoS One · August 27, 2008 BACKGROUND: Monogamy, together with abstinence, partner reduction, and condom use, is widely advocated as a key behavioral strategy to prevent HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the association between the number of sexual partners and the ri ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli in HIV-infected patients in Tanzania.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · April 15, 2008 BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) reduces morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons in Africa, but its impact on antimicrobial resistance is of concern. METHODS: HIV-uninfected (group A), HIV-infected but not requiring SXT (group B), ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predictors of incomplete adherence, virologic failure, and antiviral drug resistance among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · December 1, 2007 BACKGROUND: Access to antiretroviral therapy is rapidly expanding in sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying the predictors of incomplete adherence, virologic failure, and antiviral drug resistance is essential to achieving long-term success. METHODS: A total of 1 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predicting CD4 lymphocyte count <200 cells/mm(3) in an HIV type 1-infected African population.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · October 2007 Clinical criteria are recommended to select HIV-infected patients for initiation of antiretroviral therapy when CD4 lymphocyte testing is unavailable. We evaluated the performance characteristics of WHO staging criteria, anthropometrics, and simple laborat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clinical HIV/AIDS in sub-saharan Africa: new findings in a time of transition

Conference TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH · May 1, 2007 Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral treatment literacy among HIV voluntary counseling and testing clients in Moshi, Tanzania, 2003 to 2005.

Journal Article J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) · March 2007 Antiretroviral treatment literacy leads to greater HIV testing and treatment and antiretroviral treatment adherence. Among northern Tanzanian subjects, antiretroviral treatment awareness was only 17%. Factors associated with low antiretroviral treatment li ... Full text Link to item Cite

Generic and branded drugs for the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS.

Journal Article J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) · March 2007 HIV/AIDS care has benefited tremendously from the availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, both branded and generic. Drug discovery and innovation is the result of direct investment in the development of branded medications, a crucial process for future ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of minor drug-resistant populations by parallel allele-specific sequencing.

Journal Article Nat Methods · February 2007 We developed a highly sensitive parallel allele-specific sequencing (PASS) assay to simultaneously analyze a large number of viral genomes and detect minor drug-resistant populations at approximately 0.1-0.01% levels. Using this assay on samples from indiv ... Full text Link to item Cite

Decreasing CD4+ T-cell count during suppressed or low-level viraemia in patients with HIV infection.

Journal Article Antivir Ther · 2007 BACKGROUND: Suboptimal improvement in CD4+ T-cell count is not uncommon in HIV-infected patients with suppressed plasma HIV RNA levels, and a decrease in CD4+ T-cell count in patients with suppressed or low-level viraemia has been observed. METHODS: Our ob ... Link to item Cite

Comparative efficacy of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with efavirenz: results of a systematic overview.

Journal Article HIV Clin Trials · 2007 BACKGROUND: Many trials of antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naïve subjects have investigated the relative efficacy of the third drug in a treatment regimen. However, the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) components may also af ... Full text Link to item Cite

A randomized study of antiviral medication switch at lower- versus higher-switch thresholds: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5115.

Journal Article Antivir Ther · 2007 BACKGROUND: Clinical stability has been observed with continued antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the setting of partial virological suppression. The optimal time to switch treatment in patients with low but detectable HIV-1 RNA is not known. METHODS: Subjec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Long-term results of initial therapy with abacavir and Lamivudine combined with Efavirenz, Amprenavir/Ritonavir, or Stavudine.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · November 1, 2006 OBJECTIVE: To compare alternative class-sparing antiretroviral regimens in treatment-naive subjects. DESIGN: Open-label, multicenter, randomized trial of up to 3 consecutive treatment regimens over 96 weeks. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-one subjects receive ... Full text Link to item Cite

An updated systematic overview of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults.

Journal Article AIDS · October 24, 2006 OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of three drug combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in treatment-naive HIV-infected persons, and identify the predictors of responses. DESIGN AND METHODS: Overview of trials identified by searching public domain p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pharmacogenetics of nevirapine-associated hepatotoxicity: an Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group collaboration.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · September 15, 2006 Associations have been reported between an MDR1 variant and responses to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. We explored associations between MDR1, CYP2B6, and CYP3A polymorphisms and nevirapine hepatotoxicity. Among participants in a randomize ... Full text Link to item Cite

Changing antiretroviral therapy in the setting of virologic relapse: review of the current literature.

Journal Article Curr HIV/AIDS Rep · July 2006 Virologic relapse after initial virologic suppression remains a concern for patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Multiple factors may contribute to virologic relapse, including suboptimal adherence, resistance, and pharmacokinetic issues. The major gu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Minimizing resistance consequences after virologic failure on initial combination therapy: a systematic overview.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · March 2006 OBJECTIVE: To identify optimal first-line therapies based on the rate of virologic success (VS) and the preservation of future treatment options in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive subjects. DESIGN: Systematic overview of genotypic resistance mutations f ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cost-effectiveness of free HIV voluntary counseling and testing through a community-based AIDS service organization in Northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Am J Public Health · January 2006 OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of fee-based and free testing strategies at an HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) program integrated into a community-based AIDS service organization in Moshi, Tanzania. METHODS: We waived the usual f ... Full text Link to item Cite

A prospective clinical and pathological examination of injection site reactions with the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide.

Journal Article Antivir Ther · 2006 OBJECTIVE: Antiretroviral regimens containing the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (ENF) are associated with sustained viral suppression and immunological benefit. However, local injection site reactions (ISR) occur in the majority of patients. The aim of this ... Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral rounds. A communication conundrum.

Journal Article AIDS Clin Care · December 2005 Link to item Cite

Fixed dose combination abacavir/lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther · December 2005 The fixed dose combination of abacavir with lamivudine represents a new treatment option for patients infected with HIV. Fixed dose combination abacavir/lamivudine has the convenience of one pill and once-daily dosing. It achieves comparable suppression of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of clients presenting for HIV voluntary counselling and testing in Moshi, Tanzania.

Journal Article Int J STD AIDS · October 2005 HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) reduces high-risk sexual behaviour. Factors associated with HIV infection in VCT clients have not been well characterized in northern Tanzania. We prospectively surveyed 813 VCT clients in Moshi, Tanzania. Client ... Full text Link to item Cite

Naïve T cells are maintained in the periphery during the first 3 months of acute HIV-1 infection: implications for analysis of thymus function.

Journal Article J Clin Immunol · September 2005 A key determinant of T cell dynamics in HIV-1 infection is the status of thymic function. To date, most studies of the impact of HIV-1 on the thymus during early HIV-1 infection have been done in samples collected in the interval of 3-12 months after infec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reply to Leith et al.

Journal Article The Journal of Infectious Diseases · August 2005 Full text Cite

Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · March 15, 2005 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected South African patients (n=468) received blinded lamivudine or emtricitabine, stavudine, and either nevirapine or efavirenz (based on screening viral load). Baseline characteristics were analyzed in univariate and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Persistent antiretroviral activity of nucleoside analogues after prolonged zidovudine and lamivudine therapy as demonstrated by rapid loss of activity after discontinuation.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · December 15, 2004 Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment decisions are difficult for HIV-1-infected patients on complex treatment regimens who have partial suppression of HIV-1 replication and limited treatment options. Information on the ARV activity of the components of a complex ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent peptide C4-V3 HIV vaccine in conjunction with IL-12.

Journal Article AIDS · May 21, 2004 We examined the safety and immunogenicity of a human leukocyte antigen-based HIV envelope polyvalent synthetic peptide vaccine, C4-V3, alone and in combination with subcutaneous IL-12 in nine HIV-infected patients. Lymphocyte proliferative responses increa ... Full text Link to item Cite

Short-term safety and antiretroviral activity of T-1249, a second-generation fusion inhibitor of HIV.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · March 15, 2004 T-1249 is a 39-aa synthetic peptide that inhibits fusion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to the host target cell. A 14-day open-label, phase 1/2 dose-escalation monotherapy study of the safety and antiretroviral activity of T-1249 was performed on 11 ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-associated morbidity, mortality and diagnostic testing opportunities among inpatients at a referral hospital in northern Tanzania.

Journal Article Ann Trop Med Parasitol · March 2004 Hospitalized patients with HIV infection are among the most likely to benefit from the expanding availability of anti-retroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1990 and 2000, 3667 people known to be HIV-infected were admitted to Kilimanjaro Christi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Changes in CD4+ T-cell differentiation phenotype during structured treatment interruption in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · December 15, 2003 Markers of maturation and activation were measured on peripheral CD4+ T cells in chronically HIV-1-infected patients in a randomized, controlled pilot study of structured treatment interruption (STI). Eight subjects underwent 2 cycles of 1 month off and 1 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in patients undergoing structured treatment interruptions.

Journal Article AIDS · November 22, 2002 We report the emergence of drug-resistant viral mutations in chronically HIV-infected individual undergoing structured treatment interruptions (STI). THe protease mutations K101E and K103N were detected at the end of the second or third STI. We concluded t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Influence of filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · October 1, 2002 Filgrastim, or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, reverses neutropenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. During a trial of anti-CMV retinitis therapies coadministered with antiretroviral t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Addition of cyclophosphamide to antiretroviral therapy does not diminish the cellular reservoir in HIV-infected persons.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · May 20, 2002 The chronically HIV-infected cellular reservoir in lymphoid tissue (LT) represents a formidable obstacle to the long-term success of antiretroviral therapy. Cytoreductive chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (CTX) reduces cells in LT, and we hypothesized tha ... Full text Link to item Cite

Protease inhibitors are associated with a slowed progression of HIV-related renal diseases.

Journal Article Clin Nephrol · May 2002 AIMS: While angiotensin-con-verting enzyme inhibitors and zidovudine may improve the course of the most common HIV-related renal disease, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), the effect of anti-retroviral combination therapy on this and other HIV-related re ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV infection: treatment outcomes in older and younger adults.

Journal Article J Am Geriatr Soc · April 2002 OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the immunological and virological outcomes of older human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients compared with younger HIV-infected patients. DESIGN: Matched (1:2) retrospective ... Full text Link to item Cite

An infected laceration

Journal Article Infections in Medicine · March 17, 2002 Cite

Severity of HIV-associated neuropathy is associated with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels.

Journal Article AIDS · February 15, 2002 OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is an association between plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and severity of HIV-associated distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP). DESIGN: Substudy of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 291, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study ... Full text Link to item Cite

Addressing the challenges of adherence.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · February 1, 2002 Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a crucial determinant of treatment success. Studies have unequivocally demonstrated the close association between adherence and plasma HIV RNA levels, CD4 cell counts, and mortality in patients with HIV infection and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Predictors of proteinuria and renal failure among women with HIV infection.

Journal Article Kidney Int · January 2002 BACKGROUND: Glomerular disease with proteinuria and renal failure are complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While studies suggest risk factors for both include black race and lower CD4 lymphocyte count, they have not been establish ... Full text Link to item Cite

Thymopoiesis in HIV-infected adults after highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 20, 2001 The thymus of HIV-seropositive patients can enlarge as CD4+ T cell counts increase on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). This may indicate development of new T cells or represent mature peripheral T cells recirculating to the thymus. To define ... Full text Link to item Cite

Structured antiretroviral treatment interruptions in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · November 6, 2001 The risks and benefits of structured treatment interruption (STI) in HIV-1-infected subjects are not fully understood. A pilot study was performed to compare STI with continuous highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in chronic HIV-1-infected subject ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary care for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a randomized controlled trial.

Journal Article J Gen Intern Med · September 2001 OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of a teaching intervention and to compare process and outcomes of care for HIV-infected patients randomly assigned to a general medicine clinic (GMC) or an infectious disease clinic (IDC) for primary care. DESIGN: Prospecti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Overview of the effectiveness of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected adults.

Journal Article AIDS · July 27, 2001 AIM: To estimate the effectiveness of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive adults. METHODS: A systematic overview of results from clinical trials involving triple combination therapy with dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunologic profile of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during viral remission and relapse on antiretroviral therapy.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · May 15, 2001 A dissociation between plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels and CD4(+) cell counts has been reported in patients experiencing viral relapse while receiving antiretroviral therapy. This study compared patients with stable CD4(+) lymphocytes ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level and CD4 count as prognostic markers and surrogate end points: a meta-analysis. HIV Surrogate Marker Collaborative Group.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 10, 2000 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment-mediated changes in HIV-1 RNA and CD4 count as prognostic markers and surrogate end points for disease progression (AIDS/death). METHODS: Data from 13,045 subjects in all 16 randomized trials comparing nucleoside analogue r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy and thymic transplantation on immunoreconstitution in HIV infection.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · March 20, 2000 The purpose of this study was to determine whether thymic transplantation in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will restore T cell function in HIV infection. Eight treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T cell counts of 200- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Meningococcemia in a patient coinfected with hepatitis C virus and HIV.

Journal Article Emerg Infect Dis · 2000 We describe the first reported case of meningococcemia in a patient coinfected with hepatitis C virus and HIV. Hypocomplementemia secondary to hepatic dysfunction may have enhanced the patient's susceptibility to meningococcal infection. ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Population pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in adult human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients enrolled in two phase III clinical trials.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · December 1999 Lamivudine population pharmacokinetics were investigated by using nonlinear mixed-effect modelling (NONMEM) analysis of data from 394 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with lamivudine (150 to 300 mg every 12 h) in two large, phas ... Full text Link to item Cite

Strategies of antiretroviral therapy in adults.

Journal Article Urol Clin North Am · November 1999 Recent progress in antiretroviral treatment has led to dramatic improvements in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. These improvements have been fostered by advances in our understanding of HIV-related pathogenesis, the use of plasma HIV RNA levels to mon ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of the adult thymus in reconstitution of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection.

Journal Article J Clin Invest · February 1999 A key question in understanding the status of the immune system in HIV-1 infection is whether the adult thymus contributes to reconstitution of peripheral T lymphocytes. We analyzed the thymus in adult patients who died of HIV-1 infection. In addition, we ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary care of HIV infection.

Journal Article Hosp Pract (1995) · December 15, 1998 Four cases illustrate some of the issues involved in treating HIV-infected patients in a primary care setting. Primary care physicians are hard-pressed to achieve the same results as infectious disease specialists, yet are increasingly responsible for perf ... Full text Link to item Cite

Variability in repeated consecutive measurements of plasma human immunodeficiency virus RNA in persons receiving stable nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy or no treatment.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · December 1998 Plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels correlate closely with clinical prognosis in both treated and untreated HIV-infected persons and are widely used to guide clinical practice and as a primary end point in clinical trials. Thus, variabilit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Coadministration of zidovudine and interleukin-2 increases absolute CD4 cells in subjects with Walter Reed stage 2 human immunodeficiency virus infection: results of ACTG protocol 042.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · October 1998 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can increase numbers of absolute CD4 cells in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. Twenty-five subjects with > 400/mm3 absolute CD4 cells received zidovudine and low-dose intr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell anti-HIV-1 ADCC reactivity: a potential strategy for reduction of virus-infected cellular reservoirs.

Journal Article J Surg Res · October 1998 Lymphocytes from HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative individuals were examined to determine whether HIV-1 infection interfered with the ability to generate a lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell response. Following a 3-day ex vivo incubation in the pres ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of an HLA-based HIV envelope polyvalent synthetic peptide immunogen. DATRI 010 Study Group. Division of AIDS Treatment Research Initiative.

Journal Article AIDS · July 30, 1998 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent (PV) HIV envelope synthetic peptide immunogen, C4-V3. The immunogen comprised four peptides containing T-helper epitopes from the fourth constant region (C4) of gp120 of HIV-1MN, and T-he ... Full text Link to item Cite

Strategies of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults.

Journal Article Oncologist · 1998 Recent progress in antiretroviral treatment has led to dramatic improvements in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. These improvements have been fostered by advances in our understanding of HIV-related pathogenesis, the use of plasma HIV RNA levels to mon ... Link to item Cite

A placebo-controlled trial of ranitidine in patients with early human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · January 1998 Previous uncontrolled reports have suggested that H2-antagonists may possess immunomodulatory activity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Such trials reported improvements in HIV-related symptoms, increased absolute CD4 cell numbers, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Itraconazole maintenance treatment for histoplasmosis in AIDS: a prospective, multicenter trial.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol · October 1, 1997 PURPOSE: To study the efficacy and safety of maintenance treatment with itraconazole for disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, open-label study conducted at university-based hospitals ... Full text Link to item Cite

Replication-defective canarypox (ALVAC) vectors effectively activate anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes present in infected patients: implications for antigen-specific immunotherapy.

Journal Article Blood · September 15, 1997 In the attempt to develop immunotherapeutic strategies for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome capable of activating effector cells in an antigen-specific manner while maintaining the broadest possible T-cell repertoire, we evaluated two canarypox (ALVAC)-b ... Link to item Cite

Central nervous system pneumocystosis in a patient with AIDS.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · July 1997 Extrapulmonary involvement with Pneumocystis carinii has been described in 0.5%-2.5% of persons with AIDS. One hundred nine patients with AIDS and confirmed extrapulmonary pneumocystosis were identified, and seven of these patients (including our patients) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reductions in HIV-1 disease progression for zidovudine/lamivudine relative to control treatments: a meta-analysis of controlled trials.

Journal Article AIDS · March 15, 1997 OBJECTIVES: Four randomized double-blind trials have demonstrated that zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) reduces HIV RNA and raises CD4 counts relative to control treatments (ZDV or ZDV/zalcitabine (ddC)]. A meta-analysis of the clinical events in these trai ... Full text Link to item Cite

Correspondence between the effect of zidovudine plus lamivudine on plasma HIV level/CD4 lymphocyte count and the incidence of clinical disease in infected individuals. North American Lamivudine HIV Working Group.

Journal Article AIDS · February 1997 OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether apparently beneficial changes in plasma HIV RNA level and CD4 lymphocyte count that are induced by antiretroviral therapy are associated with a corresponding clinical benefit. METHODS: For 620 patients in two randomized, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and pharmacokinetics of 5-chloro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluorouridine (935U83) following oral administration of escalating single doses in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · December 1996 5-Chloro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluorouridine (935U83) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has demonstrated selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity in vitro and favorable safety profiles in monkeys and mice. A phase I s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lamivudine plus zidovudine compared with zalcitabine plus zidovudine in patients with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. North American HIV Working Party.

Journal Article Ann Intern Med · August 1, 1996 OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and activity of lamivudine plus zidovudine with the safety and activity of zalcitabine plus zidovudine in patients with moderately advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who had received zidovudine. DESIGN: A ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 RNA levels and the development of clinical disease. North American Lamivudine HIV Working Group.

Journal Article AIDS · July 1996 OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of HIV RNA levels for predicting clinical disease independently of the CD4 lymphocyte count in patients on antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN: Cohort of HIV-infected patients from two trials of lamivudine therapy. PATI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with renal dysfunction.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · June 1996 The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of lamivudine (3TC), a nucleoside analog that has shown potent in vitro and recent in vivo activity against human immunodeficiency virus. Sixteen human immunodeficiency virus-infect ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral monotherapy in early stage human immunodeficiency virus disease has no detectable effect on virus load in peripheral blood and lymph nodes.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · April 1996 Initiation of antiretroviral monotherapy early in the course of infection with human immunodeficiency virus may result in a temporary slowing in the rate of disease progression; however, little is known about the virologic effects of early therapy. Virus l ... Full text Link to item Cite

Open-label titration study of the safety of RMP-7 in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Journal Article Int J Antimicrob Agents · April 1996 RMP-7, a nine-amino acid bradykinin analogue, has been shown in animals to temporarily increase the permeability of the blood brain barrier to small molecules including amphotericin B, when administered intravenously. We sought to evaluate the safety of es ... Full text Link to item Cite

Oropharyngeal yeast flora and fluconazole resistance in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term continuous versus intermittent fluconazole therapy.

Journal Article AIDS · March 1996 OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of continuous versus intermittent fluconazole therapy on fungal colonization and fluconazole resistance in the oropharynx of HIV-infected patients. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Duke University Adult Infectious Disea ... Full text Link to item Cite

Differentiation of central nervous system lesions in AIDS patients using positron emission tomography (PET).

Journal Article Int J STD AIDS · 1996 To determine if positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) can accurately distinguish between malignant and infectious central nervous system (CNS) mass lesions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infecti ... Full text Link to item Cite

IL-7 enhancement of antigen-driven activation/expansion of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp).

Journal Article Clin Exp Immunol · August 1995 CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are an important component in the immunologic control of human viral diseases. IL-7, a stromal cell-derived cytokine, has been demonstrated to enhance both anti-tumour and anti-viral CTL as well as lymphokine-activated killer ( ... Full text Link to item Cite

Taste and smell losses in HIV infected patients.

Journal Article Physiol Behav · August 1995 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) associated wasting is an increasingly common clinical manifestation of AIDS. The pathogenesis of wasting is multifactorial and includes reduced caloric intake as a major contributing mechanism. The perceptions of taste ... Full text Link to item Cite

The predictive value of changes in serologic and cell markers of HIV activity for subsequent clinical outcome in patients with asymptomatic HIV disease treated with zidovudine.

Journal Article AIDS · July 1995 OBJECTIVE: To determine if serologic marker responses to zidovudine treatment during the first year of antiretroviral therapy could predict subsequent HIV disease progression independently of absolute CD4 lymphocyte responses. METHODS: We conducted a case- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Decreased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 plasma viremia during antiretroviral therapy reflects downregulation of viral replication in lymphoid tissue.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · June 20, 1995 Although several immunologic and virologic markers measured in peripheral blood are useful for predicting accelerated progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, their validity for evaluating the response to antiretroviral therapy and their ... Full text Link to item Cite

Itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS Clinical Trial Group.

Journal Article Am J Med · April 1995 PURPOSE: Amphotericin B has been the treatment of choice for disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Oral antifungal agents would be welcome alternatives to standard treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Combination and monotherapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine in patients with advanced HIV disease. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group.

Journal Article Ann Intern Med · January 1, 1995 OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of continuing zidovudine therapy with that of zalcitabine alone or zalcitabine and zidovudine used together. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. SETTING: AIDS Clinical Trials units and Nationa ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cryptosporidium spread in a group residential home.

Journal Article Ann Intern Med · September 15, 1994 Full text Link to item Cite

The duration of zidovudine benefit in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection. Prolonged evaluation of protocol 019 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group.

Journal Article JAMA · August 10, 1994 OBJECTIVE: To determine the durability of zidovudine-induced delay in clinical progression of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and to assess the relationship between this effect and the entry CD4+ cell count. DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS ... Link to item Cite

Early versus delayed zidovudine in the management of HIV infection

Journal Article Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · August 1, 1994 The controversy surrounding the use of early versus delayed zidovudine therapy has created a contentious debate among clinical investigators, practitioners and their patients. The theoretical basis for antiretroviral therapy derives from the importance of ... Full text Cite

CD8+T-LYMPHOCYTE-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF HIV-1 LTR TRANSCRIPTION

Conference AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES · August 1, 1994 Link to item Cite

Pharmacokinetics and safety of levofloxacin in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · April 1994 Levofloxacin, the bacteriologically active isomer of ofloxacin, has microbiologic activity against many pathogens common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, including Mycoplasma species which may be cofactors in the progression of HIV ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of simultaneous didanosine administration on itraconazole absorption in healthy volunteers.

Journal Article Pharmacotherapy · 1994 STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of simultaneously administered didanosine (ddI) on the absorption of a single dose of itraconazole. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover, unblinded single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. Comparisons of ... Link to item Cite

CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcription: a novel antiviral mechanism.

Journal Article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 1993 HIV-1 infection evokes a vigorous antiviral response that may participate in resolving the initial peak of plasma viremia and maintenance of the asymptomatic state. CD8+ T lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals play a critical role in the cellular anti- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Correlation of in vitro fluconazole resistance of Candida isolates in relation to therapy and symptoms of individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · November 1993 Yeast strains isolated from the oropharynx of 87 consecutive patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 were examined for in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole. Candida albicans was isolated from 73 patients. Fifty-one patients had receive ... Full text Link to item Cite

Progress in the understanding of HIV infection: an overview.

Journal Article J Am Acad Dermatol · July 1993 The worldwide epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will likely be considered the most important public health event of the twentieth century. During the past 15 years, a wealth of information relating to the epidemiology, diagnosis, nat ... Full text Link to item Cite

CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcription: A novel antiviral mechanism

Journal Article AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · 1993 HIV-1 infection evokes a vigorous antiviral response that may participate in resolving the initial peak of plasma viremia and maintenance of the asymptomatic state. CD8+ T lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals play a critical role in the cellular anti- ... Cite

PHARMACOKINETICS (PK) OF L-OFLOXACIN IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

Journal Article CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS · February 1, 1992 Link to item Cite

Lack of enhancing effect of human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody on HIV-1 infection of human blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages.

Journal Article J Virol · August 1991 The influence of human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody on HIV-1 infection of freshly isolated normal human peritoneal macrophages and blood monocytes was examined. Each of 14 HIV antibody-positive human serum samples was found to ... Full text Link to item Cite

The effect of AZT on in vitro lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals.

Journal Article Cell Immunol · August 1991 Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals exhibit functional impairment in various forms of cell-mediated cytotoxicities (CMC) at all stages of disease. The purpose of this study was to determine (i) if peripheral blood mononuclear c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ditiocarb sodium (diethyldithiocarbamate) therapy in patients with symptomatic HIV infection and AIDS. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study.

Journal Article JAMA · March 27, 1991 We randomized 389 symptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to ditiocarb sodium (400 mg/m2 orally for 24 weeks) or a placebo. Patients were well balanced according to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) group, CD4+ cell number, a ... Link to item Cite

Manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Journal Article Rev Infect Dis · 1991 Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. Meningitis is the most frequent manifestation of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans; pneumonia due to this organism, though less frequently recognized, is also a significant enti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Racial and ethnic differences in outcome in zidovudine-treated patients with advanced HIV disease

Journal Article Journal of the American Medical Association · 1991 Objectives. - To determine if racial-ethnic differences exist in survival, disease progression, and development of myelosuppression in zidovudine- treated patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Design. - Prospective observationa ... Full text Cite

Current and future treatment of HIV infection.

Journal Article Oncology (Williston Park) · November 1990 After much frustration in the last decade, HIV therapeutics is an emerging discipline. Over the past few years a number of new agents have been evaluated, including such antiviral drugs as zidovudine, dideoxycytidine and dideoxyinosine, and immunomodulator ... Link to item Cite

Amplification of HIV-1 provirus from cerebrospinal fluid and its correlation with neurologic disease.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · June 1990 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral sequences (gag and env) in nucleated cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 31 HIV-1-positive patients, and the results were compared with clin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Alterations in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity during the course of HIV-1 infection. Humoral and cellular defects.

Journal Article J Immunol · May 1, 1990 HIV-1-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) is a form of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in which HIV-1-specific antibodies arm NK cells directly to become cytotoxic for targets bearing HIV-1 antigenic determinants. This non-MHC-restric ... Link to item Cite

Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Journal Article N Engl J Med · April 5, 1990 Zidovudine (AZT) is a potent inhibitor of the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and it has been shown to improve survival in advanced HIV disease. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial in adults with asymptomatic HIV infection ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV testing in North Carolina.

Journal Article N C Med J · April 1990 Link to item Cite

HIV-1-associated thrombocytopenia. The role of splenectomy.

Journal Article Ann Surg · February 1990 Thrombocytopenic purpura is a common hematologic abnormality occurring in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1. Of the nearly two million people infected with HIV-1, approximately 11% have platelet counts of less than 100,000/m ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia: report of a case and review of the literature.

Journal Article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988) · 1990 While anemia and a positive direct anti-globulin test are each frequently observed in the clinical syndrome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, autoimmune hemolytic anemia has rarely been reported in this setting. A case of severe warm autoimm ... Link to item Cite

The antiretroviral effects of lymphokine-activated killer cells

Conference Surgical Forum · December 1, 1989 Cite

Bioequivalence assessment of zidovudine (Retrovir) syrup, solution, and capsule formulations in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · October 1989 The objectives of this open-labeled, multiple-dose, three-way-crossover trial were to evaluate the safety and tolerance of zidovudine (Retrovir) oral syrup and to assess the bioequivalence of this formulation relative to zidovudine solution and capsule for ... Full text Link to item Cite

Zidovudine-induced neutropenia: are we too cautious?

Journal Article Lancet · July 8, 1989 30 patients with recurrent zidovudine-induced neutropenia were followed up for a total of 493 months of treatment to evaluate their risk of bacterial infection. Zidovudine was temporarily discontinued only when the polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell count fell t ... Full text Link to item Cite

The sequences of reovirus serotype 3 genome segments M1 and M3 encoding the minor protein mu 2 and the major nonstructural protein mu NS, respectively.

Journal Article Virology · April 1989 The sequences of the M1 and M3 genome segments of reovirus serotype 3 strain Dearing, which encode protein mu 2, a minor capsid, component, and protein mu NS, one of the two nonstructural proteins, are reported. They are 2304 and 2235 base pairs long, resp ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV therapeutics: an emerging science.

Journal Article JAMA · November 25, 1988 Link to item Cite

The sequence of the reovirus serotype 3 L3 genome segment which encodes the major core protein lambda 1.

Journal Article Virology · November 1988 We present the sequence of reovirus serotype 3 (strain Dearing) genome segment L3 which encodes protein lambda 1, one of the two major components of the core shell. The genome segment is 3896 nucleotides long, with 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions of 13 and 18 ... Full text Link to item Cite

The sexual behavior of adolescents and risk of AIDS.

Journal Article Journal of the American Medical Association · 1988 Cite

Extra-intestinal manifestations of salmonella infections.

Journal Article Medicine (Baltimore) · September 1987 While salmonellosis is often considered to affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract, infection at other sites may occur, producing characteristic clinical syndromes. We reviewed cases from our institutions and the literature on focal manifestations of s ... Full text Link to item Cite

SEQUENCING OF SUPERCOILED PLASMID DNA

Journal Article BIOTECHNIQUES · May 1, 1986 Link to item Cite