Scholars@Duke
John E. R. Staddon

John E. R. Staddon

James B. Duke Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Neuroscience
Psychology & Neuroscience
jers@duke.edu
Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708-0086
242 Soc/Psych Building, Durham, NC 27708

Selected Publications

Truth as a Consensus of Experts

Journal Article Academic Questions · April 24, 2024 Full text Open Access Cite

Efficient Markets, I

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Social Science

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Economics and Equilibria

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Animal Economics

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Models and Incentives

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Summing Up

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Some Science History

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Science and Diversity

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Behavioral Economics

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

What Is Science?

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Experiment

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

The Object of Inquiry Problem

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Science and AI

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Social Science

Chapter · March 27, 2024 Full text Cite

Ideological corruption of science: Is the right always wrong?

Chapter · September 21, 2023 Many scientific facts, such as the distance of the sun from the earth or the constituents of a cell, are simply facts. They elicit no special passion other, perhaps, than delight in their existence. But others, such as the existence of cognitive difference ... Full text Cite

Diverse Identities are Irrelevant to Science

Journal Article Academic Questions · January 1, 2023 Full text Open Access Cite

Letters

Journal Article Academic Questions · October 1, 2022 Full text Cite

Introduction

Book · February 22, 2022 Full text Cite

Schedule-induced behavior

Chapter · February 22, 2022 Full text Cite

Handbook of operant behavior

Book · February 22, 2022 This classic edition of the Handbook of Operant Behavior presents seminal work in the field of learning and behavior, foreshadowing a new direction for learning research, and presenting many questions that remain unanswered. Featuring impressive contributi ... Full text Cite

Learning as Adaptation

Chapter · January 1, 2022 Cite

Learning from a behaviorist perspective

Chapter · January 1, 2022 Behaviorism began with a persuasive 1913 polemic by John B. Watson which identified scientific psychology as part of biology. Watson was succeeded by neo-behaviorists Clark Hull, E. C. Tolman and, a little later, by radical behaviorist B. F. Skinner, who b ... Full text Cite

Stratification Economics: How Social Science Fails

Journal Article Academic Questions · January 1, 2022 Full text Cite

The Diversity Dilemma

Journal Article Academic Questions · September 1, 2021 Full text Open Access Cite

Theoretical behaviorism

Chapter · August 27, 2021 Theoretical behaviorism has evolved from radical behaviorism. To stimulus and response it adds the idea of state: the state (conceptual, not physiological) of the organism defines the repertoire of responses available in a given stimulus context. Classical ... Full text Cite

Theory: A response to lopes

Chapter · August 27, 2021 Response to Carlos Eduardo Lopes' comments: "What Is the Theory of Theoretical Behaviorism?" ... Full text Cite

The Behaviorist Plot

Journal Article Academic Questions · June 1, 2021 Full text Cite

Can Science be Saved?

Journal Article Academic Questions · June 1, 2021 Full text Cite

The New Behaviorism: Foundations of Behavioral Science

Book · May 27, 2021 This ground-breaking book presents a brief history of behaviorism, along with a critical analysis of radical behaviorism, its philosophy and its applications to social issues. This third edition is much expanded and includes a new chapter on experimental m ... Full text Cite

History of Science: Politicizing a Discipline

Journal Article Academic Questions · March 1, 2021 Full text Cite

The Role of Theory in Behavior Analysis: A Response to Unfinished Business, Travis Thompson's Review of Staddon's New Behaviorism (2nd edition).

Journal Article The Psychological record · January 2021 Travis Thompson's lengthy review of Staddon's The New Behaviorism requires several corrections and extensions. This response discusses Staddon's analysis of Herrnstein's matching law and concludes that Thompson misinterprets a gentle critique as a p ... Full text Open Access Cite

What’s Really Wrong with America

Journal Article Academic Questions · December 1, 2020 Full text Open Access Cite

Variation and Diversity: A Tribute to Freeman Dyson

Journal Article Academic Questions · September 1, 2020 Full text Open Access Cite

The Case for Carbon Dioxide

Journal Article Academic Questions · June 1, 2020 Featured Publication Full text Open Access Cite

Facts vs. Passion: The Debate over Science-Based Regulation

Journal Article Academic Questions · March 1, 2020 Full text Open Access Cite

College Admissions Ride the Equality Roundabout

Journal Article Academic Questions · December 1, 2019 Full text Open Access Cite

What's in the journals?

Journal Article Economist (United Kingdom) · July 7, 2018 Open Access Cite

Scientific method: How science works, fails to work, and pretends to work

Book · December 1, 2017 Featured Publication This book shows how science works, fails to work, or pretends to work, by looking at examples from such diverse fields as physics, biomedicine, psychology, and economics. Social science affects our lives every day through the predictions of experts and the ... Full text Open Access Cite

Simply Too Many Notes.

Journal Article The Behavior analyst · June 2017 Full text Open Access Cite

Adaptive Behavior and Learning: Second Edition

Book · March 7, 2016 Every day at about 4:30, Jazz, a Hungarian Vizsla dog, leaps up on the sofa and looks out for his owner who always comes home at 5:00. He doesn't need an internal clock because he has an acute sense of smell that allows him to measure how long his master h ... Full text Cite

Adaptive Behavior and Learning

Book · February 29, 2016 Summarizes the current state of both theoretical and experimental knowledge about learning in animals. ... Open Access Cite

Theoretical behaviorism, economic theory, and choice

Journal Article History of Political Economy · January 1, 2016 Choice behavior is studied differently in humans and in animals, and different theories have arisen to explain the results. I suggest that an approach derived from animal studies is also appropriate for human choice. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s pros ... Full text Open Access Cite

Reflexes

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Learning, I

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Operant behavior

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Molar laws

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Time and memory, I

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Reward and punishment

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Learning, II

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Template learning

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Time and memory, II

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Comparative cognition

Chapter · 2016 Cite

Scientific Method

Book · 2015 How science works, fails to work or pretends to work. ... Open Access Cite

Learning as adaptation

Chapter · January 1, 2014 Full text Cite

The new behaviorism, second edition

Book · January 1, 2014 This second edition is a completely rewritten and much expanded version of the first edition, published nearly 15 years earlier. It surveys what changes have occurred within behaviorism and whether it has maintained its influence on experimental cognitive ... Full text Open Access Cite

Rapid, accurate time estimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Journal Article Behavioural processes · October 2013 Zebrafish were tested in an appetitive Pavlovian delayed conditioning task. After an intertrial interval of k*T s (k=11.25; T=8, 16 or 32 s), a small, translucent vertical pole was illuminated (CS) for T s. Food was presented at T/2 s. Pole-biting response ... Full text Open Access Cite

B. F. Skinner: Mistaken – or Misunderstood?

Journal Article · July 2, 2013 The chief offense of “political correctness” is its unreflective certainty – about which causes to hail or demonize and about the necessity to take sides on every issue. Science has no room for such dogmatism, of course. Yet, human nature being what it i ... Open Access Cite

Faith, Fact, and Behaviorism.

Journal Article The Behavior analyst · January 2013 David Hume argued that ought cannot be derived from is. That is, no set of facts, no amount of scientific knowledge, is by itself sufficient to urge us to action. Yet generations of well-meaning scientists (more and more as secular influences ... Full text Open Access Cite

The Malign Hand of the Markets: The Insidious Forces on Wall Street that are Destroying Financial Markets – and What We Can Do About it

Book · June 15, 2012 But Duke University professor John Staddon is here to tell that there’s also another, darker force at work on Wall Street—a “Malign Hand” that guides all human interactions, including our finances. ... Open Access Cite

The dynamics of successive induction in larval zebrafish.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 2010 Charles Sherrington identified the properties of the synapse by purely behavioral means-the study of reflexes-more than 100 years ago. They were subsequently confirmed neurophysiologically. Studying reflex interaction, he also showed that activating one re ... Full text Open Access Cite

Editorial: choice studies in transition.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 2010 Full text Open Access Cite

Faith and goodness: A reply to Hocutt

Journal Article Behavior and Philosophy · December 1, 2009 Professor Hocutt and I agree that David Hume first pointed out that "ought"-what should be done-cannot be derived from "is"-what is the case. Hocutt goes on to claim that "ought," in fact, derives from factual observation of "what we care about," which amo ... Open Access Cite

The behavioral economics of choice and interval timing.

Journal Article Psychological review · July 2009 The authors propose a simple behavioral economic model (BEM) describing how reinforcement and interval timing interact. The model assumes a Weber-law-compliant logarithmic representation of time. Associated with each represented time value are the payoffs ... Full text Cite

Distracting Miss Daisy

Journal Article The Atlantic · July 2008 Why stop signs and speed limits endanger Americans. ... Link to item Cite

Born to govern [4]

Journal Article Economist · March 31, 2007 Cite

Operant behavior

Chapter · January 1, 2007 Operant behavior is behavior guided by its consequences. Conditioning operant behavior requires making a biologically important event, or a stimulus signaling such an event, depend on the occurrence of a target operant response. If this arrangement leads t ... Full text Cite

Bang-bang control of feeding: Role of hypothalamic and satiety signals

Journal Article PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY · 2007 Featured Publication Full text Cite

Is animal learning optimal?

Conference Constructal Theory of Social Dynamics · January 1, 2007 Full text Cite

Did Skinner miss the point about teaching?

Journal Article International Journal of Psychology · December 1, 2006 The Darwinian metaphor, to which Skinner was an early contributor, has been a commonplace for several years. Skinner was sure that much can be learned from experiments with animals, and those strategies that work best for the training of animals can and sh ... Full text Open Access Cite

Interval timing

Journal Article Nature Reviews Neuroscience · August 1, 2006 Full text Cite

Interval timing

Journal Article NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE · August 1, 2006 Full text Link to item Cite

Timescale invariance and Weber's law in choice.

Journal Article Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · July 2006 Pigeons were exposed to concurrent schedules for which reinforcement was alternately available at different times for each of two choices. In Experiment 1 (in which reinforcement times progressed arithmetically), overall, but not relative, response rate wa ... Full text Cite

Interval timing: memory, not a clock.

Journal Article Trends in cognitive sciences · July 2005 Anticipation of periodic events signalled by a time marker, or interval timing, has been explained by a separate pacemaker-counter clock. However, recent research has added support to an older idea: that memory strength can act as a clock. The way that mem ... Full text Cite

The effects of interval duration on temporal tracking and alternation learning.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 2005 On cyclic-interval reinforcement schedules, animals typically show a postreinforcement pause that is a function of the immediately preceding time interval (temporal tracking). Animals, however, do not track single-alternation schedules-when two different i ... Full text Cite

Timing in choice experiments.

Journal Article Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · April 2005 In Experiment 1, pigeons chose between variable- and fixed-interval schedules. The timer for 1 schedule was reset by a reinforcement on that schedule or on either schedule. In both cases, the pigeons timed reinforcement on each schedule from trial onset. T ... Full text Cite

Fair Profiling

Journal Article · 2005 There are several strategies available to police “stopping” suspects. Most efficient is to stop only members of the group with the highest a priori probability of guilt; least efficient is indiscriminate stopping. An efficient option that satisfies one cri ... Open Access Cite

Scientific imperialism and behaviorist epistemology

Journal Article Behavior and Philosophy · December 1, 2004 E.O. Wilson and B.F. Skinner have argued for an evolutionary ethics that allows what ought to be to be derived from what is-ethics from science. Evolution is inherently unpredictable, however, and some practices whose benefits cannot be proved might nevert ... Open Access Cite

The conditions for temporal tracking under interval schedules of reinforcement.

Journal Article Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · October 2004 On many cyclic-interval schedules, animals adjust their postreinforcement pause to follow the interval duration (temporal tracking). Six pigeons were trained on a series of square-wave (2-valued) interval schedules (e.g., 12 fixed-interval [FI] 60, 4 FI 18 ... Full text Cite

THE OLD BEHAVIORISM: A RESPONSE TO WILLIAM BAUM'S REVIEW OF THE NEW BEHAVIORISM

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · July 2004 Full text Cite

RESPONSE TO COMMENTATORS

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · July 2004 Full text Cite

A Remarkable Book

Journal Article · May 2004 Winston Churchill in old age was presented by the House of Commons with his portrait, painted by Graham Sutherland, a well-known British artist. When the picture was unveiled in Westminster Hall, Churchill looked at it for a few seconds and then commente ... Open Access Cite

Time and rate measures in choice transitions.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 2004 Three experiments with pigeons studied the relation between time and rate measures of behavior under conditions of changing preference. Experiment 1 studied a concurrent chain schedule with random-interval initial links and fixed-interval terminal links; E ... Full text Cite

Immediacy versus anticipated delay in the time-left experiment: a test of the cognitive hypothesis.

Journal Article Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · January 2004 In the time-left experiment (J. Gibbon & R. M. Church, 1981), animals are said to compare an expectation of a fixed delay to food, for one choice, with a decreasing delay expectation for the other, mentally representing both upcoming time to food and the d ... Full text Cite

A call to arms.

Journal Article The Behavior analyst · January 2004 Full text Cite

Editor: Fact, value, and science

Journal Article Behavior and Philosophy · December 1, 2003 Cite

Interval timing as an emergent learning property.

Journal Article Psychological review · January 2003 Interval timing in operant conditioning is the learned covariation of a temporal dependent measure such as wait time with a temporal independent variable such as fixed-interval duration. The dominant theories of interval timing all incorporate an explicit ... Full text Cite

Operant behavior

Journal Article Annual Review of Psychology · 2003 Cite

Operant conditioning.

Journal Article Annual review of psychology · January 2003 Operant behavior is behavior "controlled" by its consequences. In practice, operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules. We review empirical studies and theoretical approaches to two large classes of opera ... Full text Cite

Humanism and Skinner's radical behaviorism

Conference BEHAVIOR THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY · January 1, 2003 Link to item Cite

Habituation, memory and the brain: the dynamics of interval timing.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · April 2002 Memory decay is rapid at first and slower later-a feature that accounts for Jost's memory law: that old memories gain on newer ones with lapse of time. The rate-sensitive property of habituation-that recovery after spaced stimuli may be slower than after m ... Full text Cite

Behavioural Processes: Editorial

Journal Article Behavioural Processes · March 28, 2002 Full text Cite

A tuned-trace theory of interval-timing dynamics.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 2002 Animals on interval schedules of reinforcement can rapidly adjust a temporal dependent variable, such as wait time, to changes in the prevailing interreinforcement interval. We describe data on the effects of impulse, step, sine-cyclic, and variable-interv ... Full text Cite

Up close: Impersonal.

Journal Article The Behavior analyst · January 2002 Full text Cite

Detecting mine-like targets: Synergistic effects of correlated and uncorrelated sensor channels

Conference Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · December 1, 2001 We report results from an experiment designed to study the perceptual and learning processes involved in the detection of land mines. Subjects attempted to identify the location of spatially distributed targets identified by a sweeping a cursor across a co ... Full text Cite

ADAPTIVE DYNAMICS THEORETICAL BEHAVIORISM Orientation, Reflexes, Habituation, Feeding, Search and Time Discrimination

Internet Publication · 2001 Preface Chapter 1: THEORETICAL BEHAVIORISM: AIM and METHODS Chapter 2: ADAPTIVE FUNCTION, I: THE ALLOCATION OF BEHAVIOR Chapter 3: ADAPTIVE FUNCTION, II: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS Chapter 4: TRIAL-AND-ERROR Chapter 5: REFLEXES Chapter 6: HABITUATION and MEMORY ... Open Access Cite

Plus ça change...: Jost, Piaget, and the dynamics of embodiment

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 2001 The "A-not-B" error is consistent with an old memory principle, Jost's Law. Quantitative properties of the effect can be explained by a dynamic model for habituation that is also consistent with Jost. Piaget was well aware of the resemblance between adult ... Full text Cite

Editorial note

Journal Article Behavioural Processes · December 7, 2000 Full text Cite

Consciousness and theoretical behaviorism

Journal Article American Zoologist · January 1, 2000 SYNOPSIS. There are three domains of experience that concern students of behavior: Domain 1. The domain of felt experience, the phenomenological domain. Domain, 2. The domain of physiology, the real-time functioning of the brain. Domain 3. The domain of be ... Full text Cite

Detecting hidden targets: a procedure for studying performance in a mine-detection-like task

Conference Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · January 1, 2000 We report preliminary results from an experiment designed to study the perceptual and learning processes involved in the detection of land mines. Subjects attempted to identify the location of spatially distributed targets identified by a sweeping a cursor ... Cite

The choose-short effect and trace models of timing.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · November 1999 The tuned-trace multiple-time-scale (MTS) theory of timing can account both for the puzzling choose-short effect in time-discrimination experiments and for the complementary choose-long effect. But it cannot easily explain why the choose-short effect seems ... Full text Cite

Interval schedule performance in the goldfish Carassius auratus.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · April 1999 In experiment 1, five goldfish (Carassius auratus) paddle-pressed on fixed-interval (FI) and variable-interval (VI) schedules for food pellet reinforcement. The order of conditions was FI 60 s, FI 240 s, FI 30 s, FI 60 s, and VI 60 s. FI responding showed ... Full text Cite

Time, trace, memory.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1999 Full text Cite

Time and memory: towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1999 A popular view of interval timing in animals is that it is driven by a discrete pacemaker-accumulator mechanism that yields a linear scale for encoded time. But these mechanisms are fundamentally at odds with the Weber law property of interval timing, and ... Full text Cite

On responsibility in science and law

Journal Article Social Philosophy and Policy · January 1, 1999 Full text Open Access Cite

On Responsibility in Science and Law

Other · 1999 Respon’sible, liable to be called to account or render satisfaction: answerable: capable of dis-charging duty: able to pay.2 The old Chambers’s dictionary gives a behavioristic view of re-sponsibility: in terms of action, not thought or belief. “Lust in th ... Open Access Cite

The dynamics of operant conditioning.

Journal Article Psychological review · January 1999 Existing models of operant learning are relatively insensitive to historical properties of behavior and applicable to only limited data sets. This article proposes a minimal set of principles based on short-term and long-term memory mechanisms that can exp ... Full text Cite

Time and memory: Towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing.

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1999 A popular view of interval timing in animals is that it is driven by a discrete pacemaker-accumulator (PA) mechanism that yields a linear scale for encoded time. But PA mechanisms are fundamentally at odds with the Weber-law property of interval timing an ... Cite

Animal rights.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · January 1999 Full text Cite

A diffusion-based guidance system for autonomous agents

Conference Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · March 25, 1998 Search strategy is an important component of any system that uses autonomous agents to detect and neutralize mines. We describe a simple and efficient search strategy derived from research on the adaptive spatial behavior of animals. Electromagnetic sensor ... Full text Cite

A dynamic route-finder for the cognitive map

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1998 Open Access Cite

The dynamics of memory in animal learning

Conference ADVANCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, VOL 2 · January 1, 1998 Link to item Cite

A Dynamic Route Finder for the Cognitive Map

Journal Article Psychological Review · January 1, 1998 Cognitive behaviorist E. C. Tolman (1932) proposed many years ago that rats and men navigate with the aid of cognitive maps, but his theory was incomplete. Critic E. R. Guthrie (1935) pointed out that Tolman's maps lack a rule for action, a route finder. W ... Full text Cite

Chapter 1 Dynamic models of rapid temporal control in animals

Journal Article Advances in Psychology · December 1, 1997 Full text Cite

Autonomous search by robots and animals: A survey

Journal Article Robotics and Autonomous Systems · November 10, 1997 This paper is a survey of research on autonomous search strategies which originate in engineering and biology. Our motivation is to identify methods of search in an essentially two-dimensional Euclidean space, which can be applied to the area of demining. ... Full text Cite

Theory and behavior analysis: commentary on donahoe, palmer, and burgos.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1997 Full text Cite

Integration of reinforcement effects over time

Journal Article Animal Learning and Behavior · January 1, 1997 Two accounts of how density of reinforcement affects steady-state performance on probabilistic schedules were compared: the real-time linear operator (RTLO) model and a temporal control model (in which response strength is determined by reinforcement proba ... Full text Cite

A reader for the Cognitive map

Journal Article Information Sciences · January 1, 1997 A local diffusion model (Staddon and Reid, 1990) can reproduce exponential and Gaussian stimulus-generalization gradients. We show that a two-dimensional diffusion model, together with simple reinforcement assumptions, can reproduce many of the empirical p ... Full text Cite

Control of Vocal Repertoire by Reward in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Journal Article Journal of Comparative Psychology · January 1, 1997 The calls of some bird species may be modified by reward and punishment. However, the operant control of vocal topographies (i.e., the effect of reward or punishment on the physical dimensions of a vocal response) in such species has not been extensively e ... Full text Cite

Why behaviorism needs internal states

Conference INVESTIGATIONS IN BEHAVIORAL EPISTEMOLOGY · January 1, 1997 Link to item Cite

Editorial.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · December 1996 Full text Cite

Multiple time scales in simple habituation.

Journal Article Psychological review · October 1996 Habituation is the waning of a reflex response to repeated stimulation. Habituation to closely spaced stimuli is faster and more complete than to widely spaced stimuli, but recovery is also more rapid (rate sensitivity). We show that a 2-unit, cascaded-int ... Full text Cite

Dynamics of waiting in pigeons.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 1996 Two experiments used response-initiated delay schedules to test the idea that when food reinforcement is available at regular intervals, the time an animal waits before its first operant response (waiting time) is proportional to the immediately preceding ... Full text Cite

The dynamics of memory in animal learning

Journal Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY · January 1, 1996 Link to item Cite

AAUP AND POLITICS

Journal Article ACADEME-BULLETIN OF THE AAUP · November 1, 1995 Link to item Cite

On Responsibility and Punishment

Journal Article · February 1995 The litany of social dysfunction is now familiar. The rates of violent crime are higher than they have ever been: Americans kill and maim one another at per-capita rates an order of magnitude higher than other industrialized nations. The rate of marriage h ... Open Access Cite

On Responsibility and Punishment

Journal Article · February 1995 The litany of social dysfunction is now familiar. The rates of violent crime are higher than they have ever been: Americans kill and maim one another at per-capita rates an order of magnitude higher than other industrialized nations. The rate of marriage h ... Open Access Cite

On responsibility and punishment

Journal Article The Atlantic Mointhly · February 1, 1995 Open Access Cite

On responsibility and punishment

Journal Article The Atlantic Mointhly · February 1, 1995 Open Access Cite

Schedule combinations and choice: experiment and theory

Journal Article Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis · 1995 Cite

Combinaciones de programas y elección: experimentos y teoria

Journal Article Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta · 1995 Cite

Differential vocalization in budgerigars: towards an experimental analysis of naming.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 1995 In Experiment 1, 3 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were trained with food reinforcement to make low- or high-frequency calls in response to different color stimuli, C1 and C2 (a color-naming task), using a gradual response-differentiation procedure a ... Full text Cite

Cumulative effects model: a response to Williams (1994)

Journal Article Psychological review · October 1994 The cumulative effects (CE) model explains free-operant choice by the ratio of total numbers of responses and reinforcements, a probability-like variable. Williams (1994) argues that the model is vulnerable to experiments that disprove melioration, a local ... Full text Cite

CUMULATIVE EFFECTS MODEL - RESPONSE

Journal Article PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW · October 1, 1994 Link to item Cite

A COMPETITIVE NEURAL-NETWORK MODEL FOR THE PROCESS OF RECURRENT CHOICE

Conference PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1993 CONNECTIONIST MODELS SUMMER SCHOOL · January 1, 1994 Link to item Cite

Temporal control on interval schedules: what determines the postreinforcement pause?

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1993 On fixed-interval or response-initiated delay schedules of reinforcement, the average pause following food presentation is proportional to the interfood interval. Moreover, when a number of intervals of different durations occur in a programmed cyclic seri ... Full text Cite

The conventional wisdom of behavior analysis: Response to comments.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1993 Full text Cite

The conventional wisdom of behavior analysis.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1993 Full text Cite

Pigeons' wait-time responses to transitions in interfood-interval duration: Another look at cyclic schedule performance.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 1993 Recent developments reveal that animals can rapidly learn about intervals of time. We studied the nature of this fast-acting process in two experiments. In Experiment 1 pigeons were exposed to a modified fixed-time schedule, in which the time between food ... Full text Cite

The process of recurrent choice.

Journal Article Psychological review · April 1993 Recurrent choice has been studied for many years. A static law, matching, has been established, but there is no consensus on the underlying dynamic process. The authors distinguish between dynamic models in which the model state is identified with directly ... Full text Cite

"Transitive inference" in multiple conditional discriminations.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1993 We used multiple conditional discriminations to study the inferential abilities of pigeons. Using a five-term stimulus series, pigeons were trained to respond differentially to four overlapping pairs of concurrently presented stimuli: A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, ... Full text Cite

On rate-sensitive habituation

Journal Article Adaptive Behavior · 1993 Cite

Pepper with a pinch of psalt.

Journal Article The Behavior analyst · January 1993 Full text Cite

A NOTE ON RATE-SENSITIVE HABITUATION

Conference FROM ANIMALS TO ANIMATS 2 · January 1, 1993 Link to item Cite

Reinforcement learning: Reverse-engineering the behavior of pigeons

Conference International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Technology Proceedings, Abstracts and Summaries · December 1, 1992 Understanding how the brain works is in principles just like understanding any other complex mechanism. Human brains and human beings are hard to work with, so the lower animals provide a better starting place. There are two parts to the problem: How do th ... Cite

The 'superstition' experiment: a reversible figure.

Journal Article Journal of experimental psychology. General · September 1992 Full text Cite

Waiting in pigeons: the effects of daily intercalation on temporal discrimination.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · July 1992 Pigeons trained on cyclic-interval schedules adjust their postfood pause from interval to interval within each experimental session. But on regular fixed-interval schedules, many sessions at a given parameter value are usually necessary before the typical ... Full text Cite

BEHAVIORISM - EDSEL, OR CAR OF THE FUTURE

Journal Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY · June 1, 1992 Link to item Cite

Editorial

Journal Article Behavioural Processes · January 1, 1992 Full text Cite

Preferences for constant duration delays and constant sized rewards in human subjects.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · January 1992 In four experiments, human subjects played a simple video game in which they chose between two buttons that provided reinforcement either on constant or variable schedules. In one condition of Experiment 1, subjects strongly preferred constant sized reward ... Full text Cite

Rationality, Melioration, and Law-of-Effect Models for Choice

Journal Article Psychological Science · January 1, 1992 Economists usually assume that human choice behavior is rational, by which they mean that it maximizes some utility function. Psychologists are more impressed by the evident irrationality of behavior and tend to look for choice mechanisms (which cannot act ... Full text Open Access Cite

Pigeons' Inferences Are Transitive and the Outcome of Elementary Conditioning Principles: A Response

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes · January 1, 1992 Contrary to Markovits and Dumas (1992), this article maintains that, although semantically questionable, the transitive-inference performance in pigeons demonstrated by Fersen, Wynne, Delius, and Staddon (1991) was impeccably transitive. Fersen et al. prop ... Full text Cite

INTRASESSION DYNAMICS OF WAITING IN PIGEONS

Journal Article BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY · November 1, 1991 Link to item Cite

Dynamics of time discrimination.

Journal Article Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · July 1991 Pigeons tracked sinusoidal sequences of interfood intervals (IFIs) by pausing in each interval for a time proportional to the preceding interval. Schedules with either long (30-90 s) or short (5-15 s) values, with variable numbers of cycles and starting ph ... Full text Cite

ON MODELS, BEHAVIORISM AND THE NEURAL BASIS OF LEARNING

Journal Article Psychological Science · January 1, 1991 The history of psychology is full of disputes among various “‐isms”: behaviorism, cognitivism. functionalism, and many others. Nevertheless, all are unanimous in their opposition to one other ‐ism: reductionism. From Skinner to Simon, there is tacit agreem ... Full text Cite

Transitive Inference Formation in Pigeons

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes · January 1, 1991 Pigeons were trained with 4 pairs of visual stimuli in a 5-term series- A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E- (in which plus [+] denotes reward and minus [-] denotes nonreward)-before the unreinforced test pair B D was presented. All pigeons chose Item B, demonst ... Full text Cite

The role of timing in reinforcement schedule performance

Journal Article Learning and Motivation · January 1, 1991 Reinforcement schedules produce distinctive and reliable temporal patterns of behavior. Temporal discrimination is known to be an important ingredient in these patterns. We sketch a simple dynamic model for the discrimination of short time intervals, linea ... Full text Cite

ON THE ASSIGNMENT-OF-CREDIT PROBLEM IN OPERANT LEARNING

Conference NEURAL NETWORK MODELS OF CONDITIONING AND ACTION · January 1, 1991 Link to item Cite

Temporal Learning

Journal Article Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory · January 1, 1991 This chapter discusses the history of the problem of temporal learning. There is also a discussion about the work in progress on it that is intended to : (1)describe a set of rather elegant experimental data that are probably novel to most psychologists an ... Full text Cite

Selective Choice: A Commentary on Herrnstein (1990)

Journal Article American Psychologist · January 1, 1991 Full text Open Access Cite

Deductive reasoning in pigeons.

Journal Article Die Naturwissenschaften · November 1990 Full text Cite

On the dynamics of generalization.

Journal Article Psychological review · October 1990 Full text Cite

ON THE ASSIGNMENT-OF-CREDIT PROBLEM IN OPERANT LEARNING

Conference IJCNN-90-WASH DC : INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1 AND 2 · January 1, 1990 Link to item Cite

Response selection in operant learning.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · December 1989 We show that simple, contiguity-based, nonassociative response-selection process provides a qualitative account for both anomalous and nonanomalous properties of operant conditioning. The process can easily be extended to permit associative effects; it may ... Full text Cite

LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM-MEMORY IN DISCRIMINATION-REVERSAL PERFORMANCE

Journal Article BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY · November 1, 1989 Link to item Cite

Stochastic choice models: A comparison between Bush-Mosteller and a source-independent reward-following model.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · July 1989 Horner and Staddon (1987) argued that a class of reward-following processes defined by a property they termed ratio invariance is a better model for the probabilistic choice performance of pigeons than competing molecular accounts such as momentary maximiz ... Full text Cite

What should comparative psychology compare?

Journal Article International Journal of Comparative Psychology · 1989 Cite

A RECURSIVE THEORY FOR PERFORMANCE ON REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Journal Article BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY · November 1, 1988 Link to item Cite

Typical delay determines waiting time on periodic-food schedules: Static and dynamic tests.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1988 Pigeons and other animals soon learn to wait (pause) after food delivery on periodic-food schedules before resuming the food-rewarded response. Under most conditions the steady-state duration of the average waiting time, t, is a linear function of the typi ... Full text Open Access Cite

Quasi-dynamic choice models: Melioration and ratio invariance.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1988 There is continuing controversy about the behavioral process or processes that underlie the major regularities of free-operant choice such as molar matching and systematic deviations therefrom. A recent interchange between Vaughan and Silberberg and Ziriax ... Full text Cite

On the process of reinforcement

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 1988 Full text Cite

Within-session meal-size effects on induced drinking.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1987 As a control for the effects of session duration and hunger on the relation between food magnitude and induced drinking, four food-deprived rats were exposed to a variable-time 50-s schedule of food delivery in which the size of each food delivery varied r ... Full text Cite

LINEAR WAITING - A SIMPLE RULE FOR BEHAVIOR IN PERIODIC FOOD SITUATIONS

Journal Article BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY · September 1, 1987 Link to item Cite

Probabilistic choice: A simple invariance.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · August 1987 When subjects must choose repeatedly between two or more alternatives, each of which dispenses reward on a probabilistic basis (two-armed bandit ), their behavior is guided by the two possible outcomes, reward and nonreward. The simplest stochastic choice ... Full text Open Access Cite

Science and Pseudoscience

Journal Article Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · June 1, 1987 Full text Cite

VEHICLES - BRAITENBERG,V

Journal Article BEHAVIORISM · March 1, 1987 Link to item Cite

Science and pseudoscience

Journal Article Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · January 1, 1987 Full text Cite

Sensitivity to Molar Feedback Functions: A Test of Molar Optimality Theory

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes · January 1, 1987 Molar optimality models assume that any reward schedule can be described by a molar feedback function, which is the relation between average response rates and average reinforcement rates enforced by that particular schedule. This molar feedback function i ... Full text Cite

Igualación, maximización y seguimiento de la recompensa

Journal Article Revista Latinamericana Psicologia · 1986 Cite

Cholecystokinin, lithium chloride, and feeding regulation in rats

Journal Article Physiology and Behavior · 1986 Cite

Cholecystokinin, diet palatability, and feeding regulation in rats.

Journal Article Physiology & behavior · January 1986 Rats ate less food than normal on cyclic-ratio schedules following cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections. Nevertheless, they defended this lower eating rate in the same way as under control conditions. The pattern of effects produced by cholecyst ... Full text Cite

EQUALIZATION, MAXIMIZATION AND FOLLOW-UP OF REWARD SCHEDULES

Journal Article REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA · January 1, 1986 Link to item Cite

Behavioral Economics: A Partial View

Journal Article Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews · June 1985 Full text Cite

CHOICE ON PROBABILISTIC SCHEDULES - A REWARD-FOLLOWING ANALYSIS

Journal Article BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY · January 1, 1985 Link to item Cite

Skinner's behaviorism implies a subcutaneous homunculus

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · December 1984 Full text Cite

Reinforcement is the problem, not the solution: Variation and selection of behavior

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · December 1984 Full text Cite

Social learning theory and the dynamics of interaction

Journal Article Psychological Review · October 1, 1984 The recent controversy between A. Bandura (see record 1983-22326-001) and D. C. Phillips and R. Orton (see record 1983-22341-001) about the causal relations involved in social interactions prompted a discussion of the proper role for formal models in the a ... Full text Cite

Editorial.

Journal Article Behavioural processes · January 1984 Full text Cite

ITS ALL A GAME

Journal Article BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES · 1984 Full text Cite

Social learning theory and the dynamics of interaction

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1984 Open Access Cite

A laboratory simulation of foraging behavior: the effect of search rate on the probability of detecting prey.

Journal Article American Naturalist · January 1, 1984 Human subjects searched for a target character ("prey') among an array of background characters displayed on the screen of a small computer. The search rate was controlled by changing the display duration while prey crypticity was varied by changing the ba ... Full text Cite

Social learning theory and the dynamics of interaction.

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1984 Full text Cite

Time and memory.

Journal Article Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · January 1984 Standard animal memory tasks require judgments of event recency: Delayed matching to sample (DMTS) requires that the animal identify the stimulus seen most recently; radial-maze-type (RM) tasks require that the animal identify the place visited least recen ... Full text Cite

STATIC AND DYNAMIC COMPETITION

Journal Article BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES · January 1, 1984 Link to item Cite

Optimal Detection of Cryptic Prey May Lead to Predator Switching

Journal Article The American Naturalist · December 1983 Full text Cite

Matching, maximizing, and hill-climbing.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · November 1983 In simple situations, animals consistently choose the better of two alternatives. On concurrent variable-interval variable-interval and variable-interval variable-ratio schedules, they approximately match aggregate choice and reinforcement ratios. The matc ... Full text Cite

Optimization: a result or a mechanism?

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · September 1983 Full text Cite

Optima for Animals

Journal Article BioScience · September 1983 Full text Cite

Operant regulation of feeding: a static analysis.

Journal Article Behavioral neuroscience · August 1983 Cyclic-ratio schedules are a rapid method for studying the operant regulation of feeding rate. The cyclic method produces results comparable to traditional but time-consuming parametric methods. Performance on cyclic-ratio schedules is well described by a ... Full text Cite

Behavior induced by periodic food delivery: The effects of interfood interval.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1983 Pigeons were exposed to fixed-time schedules of food presentation ranging from five to 300 seconds. Although consistent, stereotyped response patterns developed during interfood intervals on all schedules, there were distinct differences in the behavior ob ... Full text Cite

How Animals Detect Causes

Journal Article Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews · February 1983 Full text Cite

Sobre a nocão de causa: aplicacões ao caso do Behaviorismo

Journal Article . Cadernos de História e Filosofia da Ciência · 1983 Cite

Searching for cryptic prey: the effect of search rate.

Journal Article American Naturalist · January 1, 1983 Developed a model, based on Holling's disc equation, of a predator searching for cryptic prey, assuming that the probability of a predator detecting an encountered prey item is inversely related to both prey crypticity and search rate. The optimal search r ... Full text Cite

Hill-climbing by pigeons.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 1983 Pigeons were exposed to two types of concurrent operant-reinforcement schedules in order to determine what choice rules determine behavior on these schedules. In the first set of experiments, concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules, key-p ... Full text Cite

Decreased feeding associated with acute hypoxia in rats.

Journal Article Physiology & behavior · September 1982 Rats obtained less food than normal on a cyclic-ratio schedule during brief, 1-hr exposure to either moderate hypobaric hypoxia (BP = 435 Torr, PO2 approximately equal to 91 Torr) or to hypoxic hypoxia (BP = 750 Torr, PO2, approximately equal to 90 Torr), ... Full text Cite

Schedule-induced drinking: Elicitation, anticipation, or behavioral interaction?

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · July 1982 We carried out five experiments with rats on fixed-time schedules in order to define the relation between drinking and individual food-pellet presentations. In Experiment 1, unsignaled extra food occurred at the end of occasional fixed intervals, and we co ... Full text Cite

Sensory superstition on multiple interval schedules.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1982 Pigeons were exposed to multiple schedules in which an irregular repeating sequence of five stimulus components was correlated with the same reinforcement schedule throughout. Stable, idiosyncratic, response-rate differences developed across components. Co ... Full text Cite

Behavioral competition, component duration and multiple-schedule contrast

Journal Article Behaviour Analysis Letters · January 1, 1982 Four pigeons pecked keys on multiple variable - interval variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement. When the duration of each component was varied independently, response rates during the rich component of a multiple VI 60-sec VI 240-sec schedule w ... Cite

BRAINSTORMS - PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS ON MIND AND PSYCHOLOGY - DENNETT,DC

Journal Article BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS LETTERS · January 1, 1982 Link to item Cite

In the beginning was the word

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 1982 Full text Cite

On the dangers of demand curves: A comment of Lea and Tarpy

Journal Article Behaviour Analysis Letters · January 1, 1982 Cite

Cognition in animals: learning as program assembly.

Journal Article Cognition · August 1981 Full text Cite

Optimal choice.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 1981 We present a classification and theoretical analysis of discrete-trial and free-operant choice procedures in which reinforcement is assigned to one alternative only, or independently to both, is either always available or conditionally available, and is ei ... Full text Cite

An experimental investigation of the bioacoustics of cowbird song

Journal Article Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · 1981 Cite

Optimality principles and behavior: It's all for the best

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 1981 Full text Cite

Some temporal properties of local contrast

Journal Article Behaviour Analysis Letters · January 1, 1981 Pigeons received variable-interval food reinforcement for key pecking during one line-orientation stimulus while key pecking during another line orientation was extinguished (mult VI EXT); the duration of the extinction component was either fixed or variab ... Cite

On sequential effects in absolute judgment experiments

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · May 1, 1980 In absolute judgment experiments with feedback, the events on a given trial, n, exert a biphasic effect on succeeding responses: The response on trial n + 1 is displaced toward the stimulus (or feedback) on trial n (assimilation), and the response on each ... Full text Cite

Stimulus control of behavior induced by a periodic schedule of food presentation in pigeons

Journal Article Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · January 1, 1980 Four pigeons were exposed to a fixed-time (FT) 27-sec schedule of food presentation in a large chamber partitioned into several areas. Each area provided different environmental support stimuli, such as water, nesting material, or the opportunity to observ ... Full text Cite

Response independence, matching and maximizing: A reply to Heyman

Journal Article Psychological Review · September 1, 1979 G. Heyman's (see record 1980-00325-001) major criticism of the present authors' (see record 1979-22914-001) reinforcement maximization model is that it does not consider "local" and "interchangeover" interresponse times separately. The present authors show ... Full text Cite

Regulation and time allocation: Comment on "Conservation in behavior"

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · March 1, 1979 Comments on an article by J. Allison et al (see record 1980-27214-001). Conservation theory in either its 1- or 2-parameter form predicts a linear relation with negative slope between measures of the instrumental and contingent response. Empirical results ... Full text Cite

Operant behavior as adaptation to constraint

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · March 1, 1979 Reinforcement schedules restrict an organism's access to 1 activity (the contingent response, or reinforcer) by requiring it to engage in a 2nd activity (the instrumental response) for access to the 1st one. Behavior is also constrained by limitations of t ... Full text Cite

Conservation and consequences--theories of behavior under constraint: An overview

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · March 1, 1979 Introduces a group of articles on related topics in operant conditioning research: (a) the relativity of reinforcement, (b) choice, (c) the quantitative law of effect, and (d) optimal behavior. The focus is on the functional relations between response and ... Full text Cite

A bioassay of isolate cowbird song

Journal Article Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · February 1, 1979 In 2 experiments, captive female cowbirds, both isolation reared and wild caught, were exposed during the breeding season to experimentally manipulated versions of isolate male song. Data show that a single song element, a brief note between the song phras ... Full text Cite

Thirst - a static analysis

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 1979 Full text Cite

CONSERVATION IN BEHAVIOR - COMMENT

Journal Article JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL · January 1, 1979 Link to item Cite

Behavioral competition: a mechanism for schedule interactions.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · October 1978 Rats pressing a lever for food reinforcement showed large positive-contrast effects when provided with the opportunity for a competing wheel-running response. Positive and negative behavioral contrast may reflect reallocation of competing interim and termi ... Full text Cite

Theory of behavioral power functions

Journal Article Psychological Review · July 1, 1978 Data in operant conditioning and psychophysics are often well fitted by functions of the form y = qxs. A simple theory derives these power functions from the simultaneous equations dx/x = a1f(z)dz and dy/y = a2f(z)dz, where z is a comparison variable that ... Full text Cite

A Simple Method for the Rapid Analysis of Animal Sounds

Journal Article Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · January 1, 1978 A simple, real‐time method for displaying the information contained in the zero‐crossings of acoustic signals is described. The method can be used even with many signals that have harmonics, and reveals a wealth of fine structure in bird song. Some of this ... Full text Cite

On matching and maximizing in operant choice experiments

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1978 Cite

Theory of behavioral power functions.

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1978 Full text Open Access Cite

On matching and maximizing in operant choice experiments.

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1978 Full text Cite

On Herrnstein's equation and related forms.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1977 In 1970, Herrnstein proposed a simple equation to describe the relation between response and reinforcement rates on interval schedules. Its empirical basis is firm, but its theoretical foundation is still uncertain. Two approaches to the derivation of Herr ... Full text Cite

Autocontingencies: Special contingencies or special stimuli? A review of Davis, Memmott, and Hurwitz

Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · September 1, 1975 Comments on the article by H. Davis (see record 1975-20006-001) which proposed the concept of "autocontingencies" to describe the unscheduled and unintended relations that exist between important experimental events. The need for the term "autocontingency" ... Full text Cite

A Note on the Evolutionary Significance of "Supernormal" Stimuli

Journal Article The American Naturalist · September 1975 Full text Cite

Eccentric stimuli on multiple fixed-interval schedules.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1975 The effects of presenting a different ("eccentric") stimulus for one interval during either or both components of a cyclic multiple fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule, with 12 short and four long intervals per cycle, were studied in three experiments. ... Full text Cite

Temporal control on periodic schedules: Fine structure

Journal Article · 1975 The temporal pattern of the terminal response on periodic schedules depends on when responding begins. Pigeons pecking on fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of food reinforcement responded, or accelerated, faster the later in an interval they began re ... Open Access Cite

Temporal control on periodic schedules: Fine structure

Journal Article Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · January 1, 1975 The temporal pattern of the terminal response on periodic schedules depends on when responding begins. Pigeons pecking on fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of food reinforcement responded, or accelerated, faster the later in an interval they began re ... Full text Open Access Cite

The role of the peck-food contingency on fixed-interval schedules.

Journal Article Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 1975 Pigeons were trained to peck on a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement and then exposed to three schedules in which there was either no, or an indirect, relation between pecking and food delivery: (a) a conjunctive schedule in which food was deliv ... Full text Cite

Sequential and Temporal Properties of Behavior Induced by a Schedule of Periodic Food Delivery

Journal Article Behaviour · January 1, 1975 1. Five hungry rats were exposed to a schedule of periodic food presentation, receiving a single pellet every 30 sec., in an apparatus that permitted drinking, running, and other activities. The development, extinction, and structure of behavior sequences ... Full text Cite

LIMITATIONS ON TEMPORAL CONTROL: GENERALIZATION AND THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXT

Journal Article British Journal of Psychology · January 1, 1975 On fixed‐interval reinforcement schedules, the time‐marker initiating each interval produces a pause before the terminal response begins (inhibitory temporal control). In four experiments on temporal control, two kinds of interaction in intercalated stimul ... Full text Cite

A note on behavioural contrast and frustation.

Journal Article The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology · May 1974 Full text Cite

Temporal control on fixed-interval schedules: Signal properties of reinforcement and blackout

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1974 Cite

Mechanisms of discrimination reversal

Journal Article Animal Behaviour · 1974 Cite

Control of long-interval performance on mixed cyclic- interval schedules

Journal Article Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · 1974 Cite

The effects of restraint on temporal discrimination behavior

Journal Article Psychological Record · 1974 Cite

Temporal control, attention and memory

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1974 Cite

Contrast effects in maintained generalization gradients

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1973 Cite

On the notion of cause, with applications to behaviorism

Journal Article Behaviorism · January 1, 1972 Cite

Reinforcement omission on temporal go–no-go schedules

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1972 Cite

Temporal tracking on cyclic-interval reinforcement schedules

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1971 Cite

“Superstitious” sequences

Journal Article Proceedings of the 78th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association · 1970 Cite

Sequential effects in cyclic-interval schedules

Journal Article Psychonomic Science · 1970 Cite

Effect of reinforcement duration on fixed-interval responding.

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1970 Cite

Reinforcement omission on fixed-interval schedules

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1969 Cite

Multiple fixed-interval schedules: Transient contrast and temporal inhibition

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1969 Cite

The effect of informative feedback on temporal tracking in the pigeon

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1969 Open Access Cite

Spaced responding and choice: A preliminary analysis

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1968 Open Access Cite

Asymptotic behavior: The concept of the operant

Journal Article Psychological Review · 1967 Cite

Attention and temporal discrimination: Factors controlling responding under a cyclic-interval schedule

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1967 Cite

Preference for fixed vs. variable amounts of reward

Journal Article Psychonomic Science · 1966 Cite

Some properties of spaced responding in pigeons

Journal Article Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1965 Cite

Scientific Method

Book Featured Publication Open Access Cite

The New Behaviorism (Draft)

Chapter This edition is almost completely rewritten and about twice as long as the first. I cover two new social issues and also devote more space to the philosophy of cognitivism and the science behind theoretical behaviorism. B. F. Skinner figures less promine ... Open Access Cite

BLOWING SMOKE How Weak Science was Warped by Money and Politics and Smokers Paid the Price

Chapter How the science behind the health and cost effects of smoking has been warped by changing political, cultural and financial pressures. ... Open Access Cite