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John Richard Guyton

Professor Emeritus of Medicine
Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition
Duke Box 3510, Durham, NC 27710
281 Baker House, Brown Zone-Duke South, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications


The role of nutrition-related clinical trials in informing dietary recommendations for health and treatment of diseases.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · October 10, 2024 Dietary guidance is based on a robust evidence base that includes high-quality clinical trials, of which some have been designed to establish causal relationships between dietary interventions and ASCVD risk reduction. However, the complexity associated wi ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Evolution of preventive cardiology and clinical lipidology.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2024 It's a privilege to discuss preventive cardiology with 3 of the foremost U.S. leaders in this growing subspecialty. Preventive cardiology is the practice of primordial, primary, and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. It employs an integrated t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contemporary Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the United States: Insights From the CASCADE FH Registry.

Journal Article J Am Heart Assoc · May 2, 2023 Background Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare, treatment-resistant disorder characterized by early-onset atherosclerotic and aortic valvular cardiovascular disease if left untreated. Contemporary information on HoFH in the United Sta ... Full text Link to item Cite

Assessment and management of statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS): A clinical perspective from the National Lipid Association.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2023 Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are the most common form of statin intolerance and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events that manifest from statin underutilization and discontinuation. The reported frequencies of SAMS are div ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable: Lipidology and Women's Health.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2023 In this JCL Roundtable, we bring together three experts to discuss women's cardiovascular health throughout the lifespan, viewed from the standpoint of clinical lipidology. Overall, heart disease leads to one out of every 3 deaths of American women, but un ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable: From Gen Med to Clinical Lipidology.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2023 The prevalence of lipid-related risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease surpasses half the population as individuals age, and thus generalists and primary care providers manage by far the bulk of treatment of lipid disorders. It should come as no s ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable. The lipidology team.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2022 Clinical lipidology practice works best when implemented by a health care team. The 3 discussants for this JCL Roundtable are National Lipid Association leaders representing essential areas on the team - Registered Dietitian Nutritionist, Advanced Practice ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable. Obesity, Diabetes, and Liver Disease in Relation to Cardiovascular Risk.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2022 Metabolic risk for cardiovascular and other systems includes much more than just LDL cholesterol. This JCL Roundtable brings together 3 experts to address new opportunities to reduce the risks posed by obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Successful ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Lipids and inflammation in atherosclerosis.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2021 Clinical effort in lipidology focuses largely on mitigating effects of atherosclerosis, a pathologic process localized to the intimal layer of larger arteries. This JCL Roundtable brings together 3 leading researchers to discuss the current understanding o ... Full text Link to item Cite

From the editor: Rounding the corner.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2021 Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable: Global Think Tank on Lipoprotein(a).

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2021 Lipoprotein(a) operates in causal pathways to promote atherosclerosis, arterial thrombosis, and aortic stenosis. It has been associated with rare cases of nonatherosclerotic arterial thrombotic stroke at any age. Inherited variation of lipoprotein(a) level ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable. Making prevention a priority.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2021 Clinical lipidology belongs par excellence to the preventive mode of medical practice. This Roundtable brings two long-time advocates of cardiometabolic prevention and a newly minted preventive cardiologist into a discussion that expands their recent JCL e ... Full text Link to item Cite

From the editor: Coyotes on the lawn.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2021 Full text Link to item Cite

Regional Variations in Alirocumab Dosing Patterns in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia During an Open-Label Extension Study.

Journal Article Cardiovasc Drugs Ther · August 2020 PURPOSE: During the alirocumab open-label extension study ODYSSEY OLE (open-label extension; NCT01954394), physicians could adjust alirocumab dosing for enrolled patients, who were diagnosed with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and who ha ... Full text Link to item Cite

Review article: the impact of liver-directed therapies on the atherogenic risk profile in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Journal Article Aliment Pharmacol Ther · August 2020 BACKGROUND: Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of chronic liver disease, are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated mortality. Therefore, it is important to understand how new therapies for ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2020 The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) in 2018 demonstrated the value of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation, icosapent ethyl (eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester) for preventive treatment of atherosclerotic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in statin-intolerant patients over 3 years: open-label treatment period of the ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE trial.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2020 BACKGROUND: The 24-week randomized, double-blind ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE trial (NCT01709513) demonstrated significant low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reductions with the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with si ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: South Asian atherosclerotic risk.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2020 South Asian risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has received special emphasis in the 2018 US AHA/ACC/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines. The term "South Asian" refers specifically to the countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Ban ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Healthy ethnic diets.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2020 Epidemiology has long suggested that diet plays a major role in determining risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A small number of important randomized controlled trials support this contention. We have to recognize that dietary patterns also c ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Low-carbohydrate diets.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2020 Low- and very-low-carbohydrate diets have long attracted popular interest in the US and variably throughout the world. The potential value of these diets was recognized recently in a Consensus Report from the American Diabetes Association and expanded in a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal low density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement and cardiovascular outcomes among adult patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: The CASCADE FH registry.

Journal Article Atherosclerosis · October 2019 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There are limited data from the US on outcomes of patients in specialty care for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). METHODS: CASCADE FH Registry data were analyzed to assess longitudinal changes in medication usage, in low density lip ... Full text Link to item Cite

Triglycerides: Emerging Targets in Diabetes Care? Review of Moderate Hypertriglyceridemia in Diabetes.

Journal Article Curr Diab Rep · February 26, 2019 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Moderate hypertriglyceridemia is exceedingly common in diabetes, and there is growing evidence that it contributes to residual cardiovascular risk in statin-optimized patients. Major fibrate trials yielded inconclusive results regarding ... Full text Link to item Cite

Individualized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with alirocumab titration strategy in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Results from an open-label extension of the ODYSSEY LONG TERM trial.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 BACKGROUND: Patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) who completed the double-blind ODYSSEY LONG TERM parent trial and subsequently enrolled in the open-label extension (OLE) study, ODYSSEY OLE (NCT01954394), provide a unique opportu ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Coronary artery calcium scoring and other vascular imaging for risk assessment.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 Computed tomographic (CT) coronary calcium scoring has been established by large prospective, population-based studies as the single best noninvasive predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk available today. The calcium score correlates highly with ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Lipid treatment targets.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 This Roundtable discussion concerns atherogenic risk markers and treatment targets used by clinical lipidologists in daily practice. Our purpose is to understand the risk marker framework that supports and enables the new ACC/AHA/Multisociety Cholesterol G ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable. The 2018 AHA/ACC/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines: Process and product.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 In this NLA Roundtable four members of the writing committee join the Editor to discuss the process of developing the AHA/ACC/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines, which were unveiled in November 2018. They also provide personal insights on the finished pro ... Full text Link to item Cite

From the editor: Homeward bound?

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 Full text Link to item Cite

JCL Roundtable: Lipid clinic operations.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 Until 1990, lipid clinics in the United States existed only in academic medical centers, generally in close relationship with laboratory-based research programs. The advent of statin therapy, the success of major clinical trials to prevent or stabilize ath ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: Pediatric lipidology.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2019 This JCL Roundtable discussion probes the knowledge of 3 experts in pediatric lipidology, an emerging discipline both in the United States and internationally. In the 1990s, only 3 US institutions could be said to have dedicated pediatric lipid clinics; th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Long-term safety and efficacy of alirocumab in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: An open-label extension of the ODYSSEY program.

Journal Article Atherosclerosis · November 2018 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: ODYSSEY OLE (open-label extension; NCT01954394) included patients diagnosed with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), receiving maximally tolerated statins, who had completed one of four Phase 3 double-blind parent studie ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipid Effects of Icosapent Ethyl in Women with Diabetes Mellitus and Persistent High Triglycerides on Statin Treatment: ANCHOR Trial Subanalysis.

Journal Article J Womens Health (Larchmt) · September 2018 BACKGROUND: High triglycerides (TG) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) are stronger predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women than in men, but few randomized, controlled clinical trials have investigated lipid-lowering interventions in women and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relations of GlycA and lipoprotein particle subspecies with cardiovascular events and mortality: A post hoc analysis of the AIM-HIGH trial.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 BACKGROUND: The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides and Impact on Global Health Outcomes trial showed no incremental benefit of extended-release niacin (ERN) therapy added to simvastatin in subjects with card ... Full text Link to item Cite

Roundtable discussion: Dietary fats in prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 This roundtable discussion on dietary fats was inspired by a recent Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association giving recommendations about dietary fats for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The Advisory clarifies a long- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Old news and a new order.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 Full text Link to item Cite

PCSK9 inhibitors for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 The discovery of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-type 9 (PCSK9) and the development of inhibitors of PCSK9 function appear to mark an epochal advance in clinical lipidology. PCSK9 is a circulating protein that binds to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Alirocumab dosing patterns during 40 months of open-label treatment in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 BACKGROUND: ODYSSEY OLE (NCT01954394) was an open-label extension (OLE) study for patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) who had completed previous phase 3 clinical trials with alirocumab. Alirocumab dose could be increased or decr ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable: High-density lipoprotein function and reverse cholesterol transport.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have been known since the 1960s to be associated with protection from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms of this protection are unclear. The extent to which HDL per se vs other correlated metabol ... Full text Link to item Cite

JCL roundtable-Lipoprotein(a): The emerging risk factor.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2018 Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a major risk factor for atherothrombotic events along with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and, inversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Lp(a) also contributes to the progression of calcific aortic stenosis and to t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Health disparities among adult patients with a phenotypic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in the CASCADE-FH™ patient registry.

Journal Article Atherosclerosis · December 2017 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Most familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients remain undertreated, and it is unclear what role health disparities may play for FH patients in the US. We sought to describe sex and racial/ethnic disparities in a national registry of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.

Journal Article N Engl J Med · May 4, 2017 BACKGROUND: Evolocumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by approximately 60%. Whether it prevents cardiovascular events is uncertain. ME ... Full text Link to item Cite

Usefulness of Icosapent Ethyl (Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester) in Women to Lower Triglyceride Levels (Results from the MARINE and ANCHOR Trials).

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · February 1, 2017 There are limited data on the efficacy and safety of triglyceride (TG)-lowering agents in women. We conducted subgroup analyses of the effects of icosapent ethyl (a high-purity prescription form of the ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Niacin and heart disease prevention: Engraving its tombstone is a mistake.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2017 Niacin (nicotinic acid) has been used for primary and secondary coronary heart disease prevention for over 40 years. Until recently clinical trials incorporating niacin as part of an intervention strategy consistently demonstrated reduction in clinical eve ... Full text Link to item Cite

From the Editor.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2017 Full text Link to item Cite

From the Editor.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2017 Full text Link to item Cite

REGULATION AND CONTROL IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.

Journal Article · January 1, 2017 The papers referred to here are grouped in the proceedings of the conference under the heading: Glucose Metabolism. The first (commentary) paper states that this session brings together most of the kinds of data which have been amassed in this field as wel ... Cite

Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia and LDL-C of 160 mg/dl or Higher.

Journal Article Cardiovasc Drugs Ther · October 2016 PURPOSE: Even with statins and other lipid-lowering therapy (LLT), many patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH) continue to have elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. ODYSSEY HIGH FH (NCT01617655) assessed the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab 150 mg Every 4 Weeks in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia Not on Statin Therapy: The ODYSSEY CHOICE II Study.

Journal Article J Am Heart Assoc · September 13, 2016 BACKGROUND: The PCSK9 antibody alirocumab (75 mg every 2 weeks; Q2W) as monotherapy reduced low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by 47%. Because the option of a monthly dosing regimen is convenient, ODYSSEY CHOICE II evaluated alirocumab 150  ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of Extended-Release Niacin Added to Simvastatin/Ezetimibe on Glucose and Insulin Values in AIM-HIGH.

Journal Article Am J Med · July 2016 BACKGROUND: Niacin is an antidyslipidemic agent that may cause blood sugar elevation in patients with diabetes, but its effects on glucose and insulin values in nondiabetic statin-treated subjects with cardiovascular disease and at high risk for diabetes a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Triglyceride-lowering therapies reduce cardiovascular disease event risk in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2016 BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular outcomes trials of fibrates, niacin, or omega-3 fatty acids alone, or added to a statin, have not consistently demonstrated reduced risk, but larger, statistically significant clinical benefits have been reported in subgroups wit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Statin intolerance in a referral lipid clinic.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2016 BACKGROUND: Statins effectively prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but rates of statin discontinuation after adverse events are high. OBJECTIVE: Describe the range and relative frequencies of adverse events potentially attributable to statins ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral Effects on Host Lipoproteins Are Associated With Changes in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HCV Coinfected Individuals.

Journal Article Open Forum Infect Dis · April 2015 We evaluated the impact of antiretroviral-induced dyslipidemia on hepatitis C virus (HCV) biogenesis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV coinfected patients. This study used serum samples from antiretroviral-naive HIV/HCV patients initiating their fi ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Long-term efficacy and safety of mipomersen in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: 2-year interim results of an open-label extension.

Journal Article Eur Heart J · March 1, 2015 AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of extended dosing with mipomersen in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (HC) taking maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: A planned interim analysis of an ongoing, open-label e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: The ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2015 BACKGROUND: Statin intolerance limits many patients from achieving optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. Current options for such patients include using a lower but tolerated dose of a statin and adding or switching to ezetimi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Obesity, cholesterol metabolism, and breast cancer pathogenesis.

Journal Article Cancer Res · September 15, 2014 Obesity and altered lipid metabolism are risk factors for breast cancer in pre- and post-menopausal women. These pathologic relationships have been attributed in part to the impact of cholesterol on the biophysical properties of cell membranes and to the i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Statin intolerance: more questions than answers.

Journal Article Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol · January 2014 The dramatic effectiveness of statins in improving the course of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease tends to overshadow questions of statin intolerance. Thus after more than 25 years of clinical statin use, intolerance remains a poorly understood, frus ... Full text Link to item Cite

An assessment by the Statin Intolerance Panel: 2014 update.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2014 This article from the National Lipid Association Statin Intolerance Panel provides a framework for understanding statin intolerance and makes general recommendations for health professionals. For specific guidance on adverse events related to muscle, liver ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, in statin-intolerant patients: design and rationale of ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE, a randomized phase 3 trial.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2014 BACKGROUND: Statin intolerance has been a major limitation in the use of statins, especially at higher doses. New effective treatments are needed for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients who cannot tolerate daily statin doses. O ... Full text Link to item Cite

MR spectroscopy of cholesteryl ester in human atherosclerosis.

Journal Article JACC Cardiovasc Imaging · December 2013 Full text Link to item Cite

Relationship of lipoproteins to cardiovascular events: the AIM-HIGH Trial (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerides and Impact on Global Health Outcomes).

Journal Article J Am Coll Cardiol · October 22, 2013 OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the relationship between niacin treatment, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in this secondary analysis of the AIM-HIGH (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome With Low HDL/High Triglycerid ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of ezetimibe, simvastatin and ezetimibe/simvastatin on correlations between apolipoprotein B, LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.

Journal Article Atherosclerosis · August 2013 BACKGROUND/SYNOPSIS: Apolipoprotein (apo) B is highly predictive of coronary risk, especially in patients with high triglycerides (TG). This post hoc analysis evaluated the effects of lipid-lowering therapy on correlations between apoB and low-density lipo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Intermittent nondaily dosing strategies in patients with previous statin-induced myopathy.

Journal Article Ann Pharmacother · March 2013 OBJECTIVE: To review the safety and efficacy of alternative intermittent statin dosing regimens in patients with previous intolerance due to myopathy. DATA SOURCES: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1946 -December 2012) and EMBASE (1966-December 201 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Risk of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis associated with lipid-lowering drugs in a real-world clinical setting.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2013 BACKGROUND: The occurrence of low rates of rhabdomyolysis among patients receiving lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) in randomized clinical trials may be elucidated with population-based studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis as ... Full text Link to item Cite

Adverse reactions of Achilles tendon xanthomas in three hypercholesterolemic patients after treatment intensification with niacin and bile acid sequestrants.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2013 Multiple cholesterol-reducing therapies have been shown to induce the regression of tendon xanthoma in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. We present 3 cases of adverse reactions in Achilles tendon xanthomas after the addition of niacin and bile a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Inherited lipemic splenomegaly and the spectrum of apolipoprotein E p.Leu167del mutation phenotypic variation.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2013 OBJECTIVE: We review disorders associated with splenomegaly and dyslipidemia with an emphasis on the APOE p.Leu167del mutation. Recent studies suggest that this rare mutation may present more often without splenomegaly in patients with familial combined hy ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pleiotropy and allelic heterogeneity in the TOMM40-APOE genomic region related to clinical and metabolic features of hepatitis C infection.

Journal Article Hum Genet · December 2012 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates host lipid metabolism as part of its lifecycle and is dependent upon VLDL for co-assembly and secretion. HCV dyslipidemia is associated with steatosis, insulin resistance, IL28B genotype and disease progression. Apolipopro ... Full text Link to item Cite

Serum apolipoprotein C-III is independently associated with chronic hepatitis C infection and advanced fibrosis.

Journal Article Hepatol Int · April 2012 BACKGROUND: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to disrupt lipid metabolism, making serum lipoprotein levels good candidates to explore as markers of HCV disease progression. Assessment of the major apolipoproteins (Apo) and their relationship to hepatic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of extended-release niacin on new-onset diabetes among hyperlipidemic patients treated with ezetimibe/simvastatin in a randomized controlled trial.

Journal Article Diabetes Care · April 2012 OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of niacin on fasting glucose (FG) and new-onset diabetes in statin/ezetimibe-treated patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a prespecified secondary analysis among 942 hyperlipidemic patients randomized to ezetim ... Full text Link to item Cite

Elevation of fasting morning glucose relative to hemoglobin A1c in normoglycemic patients treated with niacin and with statins.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2012 BACKGROUND: Niacin increases fasting glucose levels, and statins modestly increase the rate of new-onset diabetes. The clinical importance and mechanisms of these effects are not fully explored. OBJECTIVE: On the basis of anecdotal observations, we hypothe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipid-altering efficacy and safety profile of combination therapy with ezetimibe/statin vs. statin monotherapy in patients with and without diabetes: an analysis of pooled data from 27 clinical trials.

Journal Article Diabetes Obes Metab · July 2011 AIM: This post hoc analysis compared the lipid-altering efficacy and safety of ezetimibe 10 mg plus statin (EZE/statin) vs. statin monotherapy in hypercholesterolaemic patients with and without diabetes. METHODS: A pooled analysis of 27 previously publishe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Achievement of recommended lipid and lipoprotein levels with combined ezetimibe/statin therapy versus statin alone in patients with and without diabetes.

Journal Article Diab Vasc Dis Res · April 2011 Treatment guidelines identify low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as the primary target of therapy with secondary targets of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apoB). Data were pooled from 27 randomised, doub ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gene by sex interaction for measures of obesity in the framingham heart study.

Journal Article J Obes · 2011 Obesity is an increasingly prevalent and severe health concern with a substantial heritable component and marked sex differences. We sought to determine if the effect of genetic variants also differed by sex by performing a genome-wide association study mo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Long-term efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended-release niacin in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

Journal Article Diabetes Obes Metab · November 2010 AIMS: To assess the efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) plus extended-release niacin (N) in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS) without DM (MetS/non-DM) or neither (non-DM/non-MetS). METHODS: A sub ... Full text Link to item Cite

Combination regimens with statin, niacin, and intestinally active LDL-lowering drugs: alternatives to high-dose statin therapy?

Journal Article Curr Opin Lipidol · August 2010 Featured Publication PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize recent studies on combination regimens that employ a statin with added niacin, ezetimibe, and/or bile acid sequestrants, and to understand the implications of these studies for clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS: Combination ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interferon-lambda genotype and low serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection.

Journal Article Hepatology · June 2010 UNLABELLED: Recently, genetic polymorphisms occurring in the interferon (IFN)-lambda gene region were associated with response to IFN-based treatment of hepatitis C infection. Both infection with the hepatitis C virus and IFN therapy are associated with de ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationships between metabolic syndrome and other baseline factors and the efficacy of ezetimibe/simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.

Journal Article Diabetes Care · May 2010 OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationships between baseline factors and treatment-associated efficacy changes in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN: AND METHODS Multivariable analyses of treatment response in 1,229 type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterol ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genome-wide association study of Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass in the Framingham Heart Study.

Journal Article PLoS Genet · April 29, 2010 Featured Publication Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) is an emerging risk factor and therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. The activity and mass of this enzyme are heritable traits, but major genetic determinants have not been explored in a system ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Long-term safety and efficacy of triple combination ezetimibe/simvastatin plus extended-release niacin in patients with hyperlipidemia.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · February 15, 2010 The safety and efficacy of combination ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) plus extended-release niacin was assessed in 942 patients with type IIa/IIb hyperlipidemia for 64 weeks in a randomized, double-blind study. Patients received E/S (10/20 mg) plus niacin (to ... Full text Link to item Cite

Impact of gene variants on sex-specific regulation of human Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) expression in liver and association with lipid levels in a population-based study.

Journal Article BMC Med Genet · January 19, 2010 BACKGROUND: Several studies have noted that genetic variants of SCARB1, a lipoprotein receptor involved in reverse cholesterol transport, are associated with serum lipid levels in a sex-dependent fashion. However, the mechanism underlying this gene by sex ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Low glycemic diet for weight loss in hypertriglyceridemic patients attending a lipid clinic.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · 2010 Featured Publication PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of low glycemic dietary counseling for weight loss among moderately hypertriglyceridemic patients in an academic referral lipid clinic. METHODS: During 1998 to 2000, weight loss advice followed traditional guidelines. B ... Full text Link to item Cite

Implanted estrogen pellets associated with hypertriglyceridemia, biliary dyskinesia and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a case report.

Journal Article J Reprod Med · 2010 BACKGROUND: Bioidentical hormones, including implanted estradiol-17beta pellets, have received considerable interest in the lay media. It is thought that parenteral estrogens have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than oral products. CASE: A 46-year-old ... Link to item Cite

Nicotinic Acid

Journal Article · December 1, 2009 Full text Cite

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Journal Article · December 1, 2009 Full text Cite

Effect of ezetimibe/simvastatin compared with atorvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia.

Journal Article Diabetes Obes Metab · September 2009 AIM: To evaluate the effects of the usual starting and next higher doses of ezetimibe/simvastatin and atorvastatin on the cholesterol content of lipoprotein subclasses in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia. METHODS: This post hoc analy ... Full text Link to item Cite

The use of niacin.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · April 2009 Full text Link to item Cite

Flushing and other dermatologic adverse events associated with extended-release niacin therapy.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · April 2009 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: Niacin lowers levels of atherogenic apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins, including lipoprotein(a), and raises levels of atheroprotective high-density lipoproteins. However, cutaneous flushing has been a major impediment to the clinical use ... Full text Link to item Cite

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Chapter · December 9, 2008 Full text Cite

Nicotinic Acid

Chapter · December 9, 2008 Full text Cite

Understanding and Preventing Atherosclerosis

Conference MENOPAUSE-THE JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MENOPAUSE SOCIETY · November 1, 2008 Link to item Cite

Optimal management of lipids in diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · October 2008 Patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome frequently have higher triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and more particles containing apolipoprotein B (ApoB); this combination contributes significantly to their cardiovascular r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipid-altering efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended-release niacin in patients with type IIa or type IIb hyperlipidemia.

Journal Article J Am Coll Cardiol · April 22, 2008 Featured Publication OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the safety and lipid-altering efficacy of ezetimibe/simvastatin (E/S) coadministered with extended-release niacin (N) in patients with type IIa or IIb hyperlipidemia. BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend consideration o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein ratios in the VYTAL trial of ezetimibe/simvastatin compared with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · February 2008 BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). A variety of lipoprotein and apolipoprotein (Apo) ratios have been proposed that may reflect the balance of cholesterol delivery and removal at the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of ezetimibe/simvastatin vs atorvastatin on lowering levels of LDL-C and non-HDL-C, ApoB, and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Journal Article J Clin Lipidol · February 2008 BACKGROUND: In addition to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are considered predictive for cardiovascular disease in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Metabolic syndrome.

Journal Article Dermatol Ther · 2008 Hirsutism is a finding that can lead to subsequent metabolic diagnoses such as the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome describes a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors associated with overweight and obesity. Although it has been the subject of some c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety.

Journal Article Curr Opin Lipidol · August 2007 Featured Publication PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes niacin's mechanism of action, efficacy in cardiovascular prevention, and safety. RECENT FINDINGS: A G-protein-coupled receptor [GPR109A/HM74A, mouse PUMA-G (protein upregulated in macrophages by interferon-gamma)] w ... Full text Link to item Cite

Simvastatin and atorvastatin improve behavioral outcome, reduce hippocampal degeneration, and improve cerebral blood flow after experimental traumatic brain injury.

Journal Article Exp Neurol · July 2007 The treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains limited, and aside from surgical hematoma evacuation, clinical management is largely supportive and directed toward management of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. Secondary neuronal injury ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety considerations with niacin therapy.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · March 19, 2007 Niacin has beneficial effects on plasma lipoproteins and has demonstrated clinical benefits in reducing cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis progression. The side effects of niacin, however, have limited its use in general clinical practice. An unders ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety considerations with gastrointestinally active lipid-lowering drugs.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · March 19, 2007 Gastrointestinally active agents such as cholesterol absorption inhibitors (CAIs) (eg, ezetimibe) and bile acid sequestrants (BAS) (the resins cholestyramine and colestipol, or colesevelam, a nonabsorbable polymer) offer important options for lipid-lowerin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism

Chapter · January 1, 2007 This chapter briefly describes systemic lipoprotein metabolism and specific disorders of lipid metabolism. Lipid-related abnormalities of the ocular tissues are covered in some depth. Atherosclerosis, the prototypical lipid-related disease, is a disorder o ... Cite

In reply [6]

Journal Article Mayo Clinic Proceedings · January 1, 2007 Full text Cite

Ezetimibe/simvastatin vs atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia: the VYTAL study.

Journal Article Mayo Clin Proc · December 2006 OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of the recommended usual starting and next highest doses of ezetimibe/ simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This double-blind, m ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group.

Journal Article Circulation · June 20, 2006 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on various established and potential stroke risk factors and provides recommendations for the reduction of stroke risk. METHODS: Writing group members were nominated by the committ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses.

Journal Article Int J Cardiol · June 16, 2006 BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets (LCKD) are effective for weight loss, but concerns remain regarding cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an LCKD program on serum lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS: This w ... Full text Link to item Cite

The metabolic syndrome: A common hyperinsulinemic disorder with severe health effects

Journal Article Nutrition Today · May 1, 2006 Metabolic syndrome is a recently defined medical disorder and now considered to be an epidemic. It includes several diseases stemming typically from overweight or obesity. Clinical characteristics include abnormal blood lipids, insulin resistance, abdomina ... Full text Cite

Statin safety: an assessment using an administrative claims database.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · April 17, 2006 The large administrative databases of health plans contain information on drug-related medical adverse events (AE) and constitute an increasingly powerful tool for the assessment of drug safety. We conducted a retrospective observational study using an adm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · April 17, 2006 This article summarizes the final conclusions of the National Lipid Association (NLA) Statin Safety Task Force, based on a review and independent research of New Drug Application (NDA) information, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Report ... Full text Link to item Cite

Benefit versus risk in statin treatment.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · April 17, 2006 The Statin Safety Assessment Conference of the National Lipid Association (NLA), reported in this supplement to The American Journal of Cardiology, provides a comprehensive evaluation of old and new experience on adverse events associated with the 3-hydrox ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effectiveness and tolerability of adding ezetimibe to niacin-based regimens for treatment of primary hyperlipidemia.

Journal Article Endocr Pract · 2006 OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness and tolerability of adding ezetimibe, 10 mg daily, to niacin-based regimens for dyslipidemia. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 53 patients in 2 lipid clinics who received ezetimibe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Su-S1:2 The neurological system and statin safety

Conference Atherosclerosis Supplements · January 2006 Full text Cite

Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe add-on therapy to a bile acid resin-based regimen for hypercholesterolemia.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · September 15, 2004 Combination lipid-reducing therapy is increasingly used, particularly for the management of severe or combined dyslipidemia in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease. To assess the potential additive effects of combining the cholesterol absorptio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Extended-release niacin for modifying the lipoprotein profile.

Journal Article Expert Opin Pharmacother · June 2004 Niacin (nicotinic acid) favourably modifies all aspects of the lipoprotein profile; it raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, lowers triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lipoprotein(a) levels and reduces athero ... Full text Link to item Cite

A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial.

Journal Article Ann Intern Med · May 18, 2004 BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets remain popular despite a paucity of scientific evidence on their effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program with those of a low-fat, low-cholesterol, reduced-calorie die ... Full text Link to item Cite

Efficacy and tolerability of ezetimibe add-on therapy in bile acid sequestrant/niacin-based regimen

Conference ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY · May 1, 2004 Link to item Cite

Treating to New Targets (TNT) Study: does lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below currently recommended guidelines yield incremental clinical benefit?

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · January 15, 2004 The Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial is a parallel-group study that has randomized 10,003 patients from 14 countries to double-blind treatment with either atorvastatin 10 or 80 mg. During the double-blind period, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholestero ... Full text Link to item Cite

Targeting cardiovascular risk associated with both low density and high density lipoproteins using statin-niacin combination therapy.

Journal Article J Cardiovasc Risk · December 2002 BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk might be reduced by targeted changes in both low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C). This dual strategy will require a well tolerated, effective regimen, as well as a better understanding of h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily niacin/lovastatin formulation for patients with dyslipidemia.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · March 15, 2002 Combination therapy is increasingly recommended for patients with multiple lipid disorders, especially those at high risk for coronary events. We investigated the long-term safety and effectiveness of a new drug formulation containing once-daily extended-r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Targeting cardiovascular risk associated with both low density and high density lipoproteins using statin–niacin combination therapy

Journal Article European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · January 1, 2002 Background Cardiovascular risk might be reduced by targeted changes in both low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C). This dual strategy will require a well tolerated, effective regimen, as well as a better understanding of ho ... Full text Cite

Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · May 1, 2000 This multicenter trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of escalating doses of Niaspan (niacin extended-release tablets) and placebo (administered once-a-day at bedtime) in patients with primary hyperlipidemia on the percent change from baseline in levels ... Full text Link to item Cite

Extended-release niacin vs gemfibrozil for the treatment of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Niaspan-Gemfibrozil Study Group.

Journal Article Arch Intern Med · April 24, 2000 OBJECTIVE: To provide a direct comparison of agents that raise plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to help devise strategies for coronary risk reduction. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial, we compared the e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment of patients with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Journal Article Curr Atheroscler Rep · January 2000 Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) constitute a strong risk factor for developing coronary heart disease. This risk can be decreased by even slight improvements in HDL-C levels. This review discusses both pharmacologic and nonpharma ... Full text Link to item Cite

Combination drug therapy for combined hyperlipidemia.

Journal Article Curr Cardiol Rep · September 1999 Combination therapy for hyperlipidemia, especially combined hyperlipidemia, may have advantages over single drug therapy, affording better improvement in lipoprotein risk factors and possibly better prevention of atherothrombotic events. Although prelimina ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dual hepatic metabolism of cerivastatin--clarifications.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · August 15, 1999 Link to item Cite

Effect of niacin on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · December 17, 1998 Niacin has been studied in 6 major clinical trials with cardiovascular endpoints. The Coronary Drug Project (CDP) was the largest of these trials and the only one to use niacin monotherapy affecting cardiovascular outcomes: recurrent myocardial infarction ... Full text Link to item Cite

A new extended-release niacin (Niaspan): efficacy, tolerability, and safety in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · December 17, 1998 Immediate-release niacin manifests beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease with respect to dyslipidemic states. It lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), and apoprotein B; at the same time, it increases high-d ... Full text Link to item Cite

Introduction

Journal Article American Journal of Cardiology · December 17, 1998 Full text Cite

Efficacy and safety of an extended-release niacin (Niaspan): a long-term study.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · December 17, 1998 Crystalline nicotinic acid (immediate-release niacin) is effective therapy for lipoprotein regulation and cardiovascular risk reduction. However, inconvenient regimens and unpleasant side effects decrease compliance. Sustained-release formulations designed ... Full text Link to item Cite

Treatment of hyperlipidemia with combined niacin-statin regimens.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · December 17, 1998 Combined use of niacin with a statin is an attractive option, since these types of medication have the best records in clinical trials for reduction in cardiovascular events and improvement in progression/regression of coronary lesions. In early use, the n ... Full text Link to item Cite

Advances in dyslipidemia: Discussion session II

Journal Article American Journal of Cardiology · December 17, 1998 Full text Cite

Effectiveness of once-nightly dosing of extended-release niacin alone and in combination for hypercholesterolemia.

Journal Article Am J Cardiol · September 15, 1998 We performed a multicenter, open-label study to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of a new extended-release once-a-night niacin preparation, Niaspan, in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Niaspan, 0.5 to 3.0 g once a night at bedtime, was use ... Full text Link to item Cite

Apolipoprotein E and neural survival

Journal Article EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY · May 1, 1998 Link to item Cite

Novel large apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins of density 1.006-1.060 g/ml in human cerebrospinal fluid.

Journal Article J Neurochem · March 1998 Although the critical role of apolipoprotein E (apoE) allelic variation in Alzheimer's disease and in the outcome of CNS injury is now recognized, the functions of apoE in the CNS remain obscure, particularly with regard to lipid metabolism. We used densit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lovastatin increases exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury.

Journal Article Metabolism · October 1997 This study tested the hypothesis that exercise in combination with a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor produces greater creatine kinase (CK) elevations, an index of skeletal muscle injury, than exercise alone, using a doub ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dietary fish oil. Influence on lesion regression in the porcine model of atherosclerosis.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol · April 1997 We examined the influence of dietary fish oil on lesion regression in a porcine model of atherogenesis. Thirty-two female Yucatan miniature pigs were fed an atherogenic diet for 8 months. A no-regression group (n = 8) was killed to determine the extent of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identification and quantification of regioisomeric cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides in oxidized human low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein.

Journal Article Chem Res Toxicol · June 1996 Oxidation of human LDL is implicated as an initiator of atherosclerosis. Isolated low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL2) were exposed to aqueous radicals generated from the thermolabile azo compound 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of the lipid-rich core in human atherosclerosis.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol · January 1996 In recent years the role of the atherosclerotic core in promoting plaque rupture has become well recognized. A new insight into core development is its origination early in atherogenesis, before formation of the fibrous plaque. The early core is associated ... Full text Link to item Cite

Toxicity of oxidized low density lipoproteins for vascular smooth muscle cells and partial protection by antioxidants.

Journal Article Atherosclerosis · December 1995 Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to be toxic to a variety of cell types, but relatively little is known about the toxic effects of oxLDL on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). We found that LDL oxidized by incubation with 5 microM cupric i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lean Pork for Lipid-lowering Diets. A Comparison with Traditional Pork

Journal Article Journal of the American Dietetic Association · September 1, 1995 The conventional recommendation that lipid-lowering diets contain reduced amounts of red meats limits an important dietary source of nutrients. In an effort to address this problem, we analyzed 10 cuts from the loin and shoulder of a newly developed leaner ... Full text Cite

Tandem mass spectrometric characterization of a specific cysteic acid residue in oxidized human apoprotein B-100

Journal Article Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · January 1, 1995 The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vivo may result in its unregulated uptake by macrophages, with the consequent accumulation of cholesterol that is characteristic of the development of atherosclerosis. This paper describes initial experimen ... Full text Cite

The role of lipoproteins in atherogenesis.

Journal Article Adv Exp Med Biol · 1995 Some of the concepts presented in this review can be recapped as follows: LDL is found in a much higher concentration in arterial intima than in any other connective tissue in the body. One response of the intimal to high LDL levels appears to be a toxic r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunoreactivity of apolipoprotein B-100 in oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein.

Journal Article Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler · October 1994 Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B) were used to analyze changes in immunoreactivity of human LDL resulting from oxidation mediated by cupric ions and oxygen. Decrease in immunoreactivity of oxidized LDL was demonstra ... Full text Link to item Cite

The arterial wall and the atherosclerotic lesion.

Journal Article Curr Opin Lipidol · October 1994 The role of the lipid-rich core region in atherogenesis is beginning to be understood, from its inception in early lesions to its catastrophic effects in promoting plaque rupture in late lesions. Besides the lipid-rich core, recent studies on human and ani ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development of the atherosclerotic core region. Chemical and ultrastructural analysis of microdissected atherosclerotic lesions from human aorta.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb · August 1994 Lipid deposits in human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques exhibit marked differences in chemistry and ultrastructure from lipid deposits in fatty streaks, leading some investigators to question whether fibrous plaques originate from fatty streaks. To examine ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL to porcine aortic smooth muscle cells is associated with the oxysterols 7-ketocholesterol and 7-hydroxycholesterol.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb · July 1994 The cytotoxicity of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) to arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) may contribute to atherogenesis by causing cell death in core regions of plaques. The aim of the present study was to identify the components of copper-oxi ... Full text Link to item Cite

A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association.

Journal Article Circulation · May 1994 The compositions of lesion types that precede and that may initiate the development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions are described and the possible mechanisms of their development are reviewed. While advanced lesions involve disorganization of the intim ... Full text Link to item Cite

A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb · May 1994 The compositions of lesion types that precede and that may initiate the development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions are described and the possible mechanisms of their development are reviewed. While advanced lesions involve disorganization of the intim ... Full text Link to item Cite

Amiprilose hydrochloride inhibits porcine aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro.

Journal Article Artery · 1994 The effect of amiprilose hydrochloride, a synthetic monosaccharide, on smooth muscle cell proliferation was studied in vitro. Using porcine aortic smooth muscle cell cultures, amiprilose significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashio ... Link to item Cite

Cholesterol-fed and casein-fed rabbit models of atherosclerosis. Part 2: Differing morphological severity of atherogenesis despite matched plasma cholesterol levels.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb · January 1994 One-month-old male New Zealand White rabbits were fed either a cholesterol-free casein diet (n = 10) or low-level cholesterol-supplemented chow (n = 10) for 24 weeks, during which total plasma cholesterol levels were matched. After perfusion fixation, aort ... Full text Link to item Cite

Transitional features in human atherosclerosis. Intimal thickening, cholesterol clefts, and cell loss in human aortic fatty streaks.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · November 1993 The possible transition from a subset of fatty streaks to fibrous plaques in human atherosclerosis has long been postulated, but transitional features in lesions have rarely been demonstrated. We examined human aortic fatty streaks to determine whether sig ... Link to item Cite

Human very low density lipoprotein structure: interaction of the C apolipoproteins with apolipoprotein B-100.

Journal Article J Lipid Res · August 1993 Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are a heterogenous population of particles differing in size and composition. Heparin-Sepharose chromatography yields three VLDL subfractions. Two subfractions, VLDLNR-1 and VLDLNR-2, which are not retained by heparin, ... Link to item Cite

Early extracellular and cellular lipid deposits in aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · October 1992 Subendothelial accumulation of extracellular liposomes rich in unesterified cholesterol has been described as an early feature of atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol feeding in rabbits. Beta-very-low-density lipoproteins, however, the presumed source of ... Link to item Cite

The coronary artery response to implantation of a balloon-expandable flexible stent in the aspirin- and non-aspirin-treated swine model.

Journal Article Am Heart J · September 1991 Intracoronary stents may potentially alleviate some of the problems associated with coronary angioplasty. Since the anatomy and physiology of swine coronary arteries closely resemble those of humans, the response to implantation of the Glanturco-Roubin, ba ... Full text Link to item Cite

Altered ultrastructural morphology of self-aggregated low density lipoproteins: coalescence of lipid domains forming droplets and vesicles.

Journal Article J Lipid Res · June 1991 Lipid droplets and vesicles can presumably be formed directly from lipoproteins in the extracellular space in atherosclerosis, but an in vitro demonstration of the phenomenon in the absence of cellular pathways has been lacking. Low density lipoproteins (L ... Link to item Cite

Interaction of low density lipoproteins with human aortic elastin.

Journal Article Arterioscler Thromb · 1991 Interaction between lipoproteins and elastin in the arterial wall may play an important role in atherosclerotic lipid deposition, but binding affinities and other characteristics of the interaction have not been determined previously. Elastin was isolated ... Full text Link to item Cite

Focal toxicity of oxysterols in vascular smooth muscle cell culture. A model of the atherosclerotic core region.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · August 1990 Cell necrosis and reactive cellular processes in and near the atherosclerotic core region might result from short-range interactions with toxic lipids. To model these interactions in cell culture, focal crystalline deposits of cholestane-3 beta,5 alpha,6 b ... Link to item Cite

Adjuvant therapy for intracoronary stents. Investigations in atherosclerotic swine.

Journal Article Circulation · August 1990 Early thrombosis has complicated human stent implantation in several trials. To determine the best anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy to maintain stent patency after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, we implanted the flexible balloon-expand ... Full text Link to item Cite

Extracellular lipid deposition in atherosclerosis.

Journal Article Eur Heart J · August 1990 Atherosclerotic lipid deposits found in the core region of fibrous plaques are almost entirely extracellular, but it is not known whether they are derived from necrosis of cells containing accumulated lipid or from direct extracellular lipid accumulation. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipid hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives in copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoprotein.

Journal Article J Lipid Res · June 1990 Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) causes changes in the biological properties of LDL that may be important in atherogenesis. That LDL oxidation is accompanied by lipid peroxidation has been demonstrated, but previous analyses of the products of LD ... Link to item Cite

Ultrastructure of hypertensive rat aorta. Increased basement membrane-like material.

Journal Article Hypertension · January 1990 To determine the effect of elevated blood pressure on the ultrastructure of rat aorta, hypertension (average mean pressure 163 +/- 17 mm Hg) was produced by suprarenal aortic coarctation. After 3 weeks, the subendothelium of the hypertensive thoracic aorta ... Full text Link to item Cite

Stress fibers in endothelial cells overlying atherosclerotic lesions in rabbit aorta.

Journal Article Am J Med Sci · August 1989 Endothelial injury or dysfunction has long been postulated to promote atherogenesis, but structural alterations of endothelium in atherosclerosis have remained obscure. We report the common occurrence of actin-containing stress fibers, stainable by rhodami ... Full text Link to item Cite

The lipid-rich core region of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. Prevalence of small lipid droplets and vesicles by electron microscopy.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · March 1989 Abundant extracellular lipid deposits are associated with cell necrosis and tissue weakening in the core region of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. The ultrastructural morphology of the core region, previously undefined because of lipid extraction ar ... Link to item Cite

Quantitation and localization of apolipoproteins [a] and B in coronary artery bypass vein grafts resected at re-operation.

Journal Article Arteriosclerosis · 1989 Lp[a] is a lipoprotein whose plasma concentration is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease. Its protein moiety, apoLp[a], consists of two large polypeptides, apo[a] and apo B. The possible contribution of Lp[a] to atherosclerosis in saphenous vein ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ultrastructural discrimination of lipid droplets and vesicles in atherosclerosis: value of osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium and tannic acid-paraphenylenediamine techniques.

Journal Article J Histochem Cytochem · October 1988 Electron microscopy of atherosclerotic arterial tissue commonly fails to distinguish lipid vesicles from droplets, especially when these are found in the extracellular space. The distinction is important, because vesicular or membranous lipid is composed o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human aortic fibrolipid lesions. Immunochemical localization of apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A.

Journal Article Arteriosclerosis · 1988 Comparative localization of apolipoproteins (apo) B and A in small, raised fibrolipid lesions was performed to determine whether low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) may be involved in the formation of the earliest identifiabl ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lipoprotein(a): Structure, Metabolism and Epidemiology

Journal Article New Comprehensive Biochemistry · January 1, 1987 This chapter discusses structure, metabolism, and epidemiology of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Lp(a) has been purified by gel filtration chromatography on Bio-Gel A-15m and has an apparent diameter of 262 Å as determined by quasielastic light scattering. Upon e ... Full text Cite

Isolation and characterization of the two major apoproteins in human lipoprotein [a].

Journal Article J Lipid Res · January 1987 Human Lp[a] was isolated in preparative amounts from two donors; the native lipoprotein and its constituent apoproteins, apo[a] and apoB, were characterized extensively. Based on differences in apparent molecular weight, four different isoforms of apo[a], ... Link to item Cite

Association of levels of lipoprotein Lp(a), plasma lipids, and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography.

Journal Article Circulation · October 1986 In a study of 307 white patients who underwent coronary angiography, the relationship of coronary artery disease (CAD) to plasma levels of lipoprotein Lp(a) and other lipid-lipoprotein variables was examined. Lp(a) resembles low-density lipoprotein (LDL) i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Apolipoprotein C-III/sphingomyelin recombinants: formation, isolation, and characterization.

Journal Article Biochemistry · July 29, 1986 The association of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) from human very low density lipoprotein with sphingomyelin from egg yolk (EYSM) has been studied at the transition temperature (Tc) of the phospholipid. Upon incubation of aliquots of the apoprotein with i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ultrastructure of the human aortic fibrolipid lesion. Formation of the atherosclerotic lipid-rich core.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · June 1986 The formation of the atherosclerotic lipid-rich core has been elucidated by electron microscopy of the core region in small, raised fibrolipid lesions. The relationship among lipid deposits, extracellular matrix, and cells found in distinct regions of the ... Link to item Cite

Microemulsions of cholesteryl oleate and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine: a model for cholesteryl ester rich very low density lipoproteins.

Journal Article Biochemistry · January 28, 1986 This study describes the preparation, purification, and characterization of a cholesteryl oleate/dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine microemulsion as a model for the interaction of lipid domains in cholesteryl ester rich very low density lipoproteins. These lip ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human aortic fibrolipid lesions. Progenitor lesions for fibrous plaques, exhibiting early formation of the cholesterol-rich core.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · August 1985 The early development of the lipid-rich core and other features of atherosclerotic fibrous plaques has been elucidated by examining discrete, small regions of raised intima in human aorta, which often bear a resemblance to both fatty streaks and fibrous pl ... Link to item Cite

Flow restriction of one carotid artery in juvenile rats inhibits growth of arterial diameter.

Journal Article Am J Physiol · April 1985 Blood flow has long been hypothesized to be a primary determinant of arterial diameter growth. To verify this hypothesis, we placed a flow-restricting silver clip on one carotid artery and a completely nonocclusive clip on the contralateral artery in 13 ra ... Full text Link to item Cite

Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of perifibrous lipid and its association with elastin in nonatherosclerotic human aorta.

Journal Article Arteriosclerosis · 1985 Nonatherosclerotic areas in human arteries display an age-related accumulation of cholesteryl ester in the form of small, perifibrous lipid droplets in the deeper intimal layers. We treated human aortic specimens with an osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium se ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationship of plasma lipoprotein Lp(a) levels to race and to apolipoprotein B.

Journal Article Arteriosclerosis · 1985 Lipoprotein Lp(a) is an atherogenic subfraction of plasma lipoproteins which has been studied predominantly in white populations. We quantified Lp(a) by electroimmunoassay in plasma from 105 black and 134 white healthy men and women. Results were correlate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Flow restriction of one carotid artery in juvenile rats inhibits growth of arterial diameter

Journal Article American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology · January 1, 1985 Blood flow has long been hypothesized to be a primary determinant of arterial diameter growth. To verify this hypothesis, we placed a flow-restricting silver clip on one carotid artery and a completely nonocclusive clip on the contralateral artery in 13 ra ... Cite

Locational stereology performed within sampling fields in rat aortic wall, a polarized tissue.

Journal Article J Microsc · July 1984 One-dimensional structural localization on a scale approximating the sizes of the structures themselves is accomplished for polarized tissue by a new microcomputer-based stereological method The tissue of interest is the inner rat aortic wall, viewed by tr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Endothelial denudation and myointimal thickening in the rat carotid artery induced by the passage of bubbles.

Journal Article Exp Mol Pathol · June 1984 A new technique for the selective removal of endothelium in the rat carotid artery has been developed, and subsequent events in the vascular wall have been examined. To achieve de-endothelialization, more than 2,000 bubbles of nitrogen in phosphate-buffere ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of aortic intima and inner media in young adult versus aging rats. Stereology in a polarized system.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · May 1983 Age-related ultrastructural changes in the intima and inner media of rat thoracic aorta were examined by new morphometric techniques. Young adult male rats, 10 weeks old, were compared with 1-year-old male rats. The most marked changes were found in the su ... Link to item Cite

Smooth muscle cell proliferation in the occluded rat carotid artery: lack of requirement for luminal platelets.

Journal Article Am J Pathol · March 1979 The relationship of intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation in the permanently occluded rat carotid artery to the presence or absence of luminal platelets was examined. Blood was rinsed from the arterial lumen immediately after occlusion and was replaced ... Link to item Cite

The development of an implantable electrochemical glucose sensor: response to glucose in bovine serum ultrafiltrate.

Journal Article Horm Metab Res Suppl · 1979 A glucose sensor based on organic oxidation reactions at a platinum electrode is being developed as the key component for an implantable artificial beta cell for diabetic patients. Sensitivity of a membrane-covered platinum electrode to changing glucose co ... Link to item Cite

A model of glucose-insulin homeostasis in man that incorporates the heterogeneous fast pool theory of pancreatic insulin release.

Journal Article Diabetes · October 1978 Current physiologic knowledge about glucose-insulin homeostasis in liver, brain, pancreas, kidney, peripheral tissues, and central vascular organs has been synthesized to form a whole-system mathematical model of glucose metabolism in normal, ideal man. In ... Full text Link to item Cite

Peripheral venous platelet aggregates in patients with unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction

Journal Article Angiology · 1977 In vivo peripheral venous platelet aggregates (PVPA) have been demonstrated in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIAs), and acute arterial insufficiency by the platelet count ratio (PCR) method. But PVPA determi ... Cite

Letter: Role of reverse transcriptase.

Journal Article N Engl J Med · April 15, 1976 Full text Link to item Cite

Activity of various endogenous compounds and pharmacologic agents at a glucose-oxidizing platinum electrode.

Journal Article Med Instrum · 1975 The specificity of a glucose-oxidizing platinum electrode system was investigated in vitro using selected metabolic compounds and a wide range of pharmacologic agents. Many compounds were found that either augmented or inhibited the glucose effect on the e ... Link to item Cite

REGULATION AND CONTROL IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.

Journal Article · January 1, 1973 The papers referred to here are grouped in the proceedings of the conference under the heading: Glucose Metabolism. The first (commentary) paper states that this session brings together most of the kinds of data which have been amassed in this field as wel ... Cite

Short ten glucose homeostasis in ian: A systems opamics model

Journal Article Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Transactions of the ASME · January 1, 1973 A model of glucose homeostasis whose behavior resembles clinically observed behavior is subjected to a variety of glucosestimuli. This model is used to focus attention on the mechanism of insulin secretion as related to the duration of glucose infusion dur ... Full text Cite

REGULATION AND CONTROL IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.

Journal Article The papers referred to here are grouped in the proceedings of the conference under the heading: Glucose Metabolism. The first (commentary) paper states that this session brings together most of the kinds of data which have been amassed in this field as wel ... Cite