Scholars@Duke
Richard David Weiner

Richard David Weiner

Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Adult Psychiatry & Psychology
3717 Bluestone Ct., Chapel Hill, NC 27514
3717 Bluestone Ct., Chapel Hill, NC 27514

Selected Publications

Clinical Outcomes of Magnetic Seizure Therapy vs Electroconvulsive Therapy for Major Depressive Episode: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Journal Article JAMA Psychiatry · March 1, 2024 IMPORTANCE: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is highly effective and rapid in treating depression, but it carries a risk of significant cognitive adverse effects. Magnetic seizure therapy (MST), an investigational antidepressant treatment, may maintain the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Using latent profile analyses to classify subjects with anhedonia based on reward-related measures obtained in the FAST-MAS study.

Journal Article J Affect Disord · October 15, 2023 BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that anhedonia is a multifaceted construct. This study examined the possibility of identifying subgroups of people with anhedonia using multiple reward-related measures to provide greater understanding the Research Do ... Full text Link to item Cite

National Network of Depression Centers' Recommendations on Harmonizing Clinical Documentation of Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Journal Article J ECT · September 1, 2022 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly therapeutic and cost-effective treatment for severe and/or treatment-resistant major depression. However, because of the varied clinical practices, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in how ECT is delivered a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal Neurocognitive Effects of Combined Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Pharmacotherapy in Major Depressive Disorder in Older Adults: Phase 2 of the PRIDE Study.

Journal Article The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · January 2022 ObjectiveThere is limited information regarding neurocognitive outcomes of right unilateral ultrabrief pulse width electroconvulsive therapy (RUL-UB ECT) combined with pharmacotherapy in older adults with major depressive disorder. We report longi ... Full text Cite

Selective kappa-opioid antagonism ameliorates anhedonic behavior: evidence from the Fast-fail Trial in Mood and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders (FAST-MAS).

Journal Article Neuropsychopharmacology · September 2020 Anhedonia remains a major clinical issue for which there is few effective interventions. Untreated or poorly controlled anhedonia has been linked to worse disease course and increased suicidal behavior across disorders. Taking a proof-of-mechanism approach ... Full text Link to item Cite

ElectroConvulsive therapy Cognitive Assessment (ECCA) tool: A new instrument to monitor cognitive function in patients undergoing ECT.

Journal Article J Affect Disord · May 15, 2020 BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established treatment for severe depression but may result in adverse cognitive effects. Available cognitive screening instruments are nonspecific to the cognitive deficits associated with ECT. An ECT-c ... Full text Link to item Cite

A randomized proof-of-mechanism trial applying the 'fast-fail' approach to evaluating κ-opioid antagonism as a treatment for anhedonia.

Journal Article Nat Med · May 2020 The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 'fast-fail' approach seeks to improve too-often-misleading early-phase drug development methods by incorporating biomarker-based proof-of-mechanism (POM) testing in phase 2a. This first comprehensive applicati ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neurocognitive Effects of Combined Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Venlafaxine in Geriatric Depression: Phase 1 of the PRIDE Study.

Journal Article Am J Geriatr Psychiatry · March 2020 OBJECTIVE: There is limited information regarding the tolerability of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with pharmacotherapy in elderly adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). Addressing this gap, we report acute neurocognitive outcomes from Ph ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Threat-induced anxiety during goal pursuit disrupts amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Journal Article Transl Psychiatry · February 10, 2020 To investigate how unpredictable threat during goal pursuit impacts fronto-limbic activity and functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared military veterans with PTSD (n = 25) vs. trauma-exposed control (n = 25). Participan ... Full text Link to item Cite

An Electrophysiological Biomarker That May Predict Treatment Response to ECT.

Journal Article J ECT · June 2019 OBJECTIVE: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for major depression but also carries risk of cognitive side effects. The ability to predict whether treatment will be effective before initiation of treatment could significantly i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationship between traumatic brain injury history and recent suicidal ideation in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans.

Journal Article Psychol Serv · May 2019 This study evaluated whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was associated with increased risk for recent suicidal ideation (SI) after accounting for demographics, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep quality. In terms of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Behavioral and Health Outcomes Associated With Deployment and Nondeployment Acquisition of Traumatic Brain Injury in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans.

Journal Article Arch Phys Med Rehabil · December 2018 OBJECTIVE: To characterize behavioral and health outcomes in veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) acquired in nondeployment and deployment settings. DESIGN: Cross-sectional assessment evaluating TBI acquired during and outside of deployment, mental a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Psychosocial Risk Factors and Other Than Honorable Military Discharge: Providing Healthcare to Previously Ineligible Veterans.

Journal Article Mil Med · September 1, 2018 INTRODUCTION: In response to a strong focus on suicide prevention for all veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) recently revised policy to provide emergency mental healthcare for veterans who received Other Than Honorable (OTH) discharges from ... Full text Link to item Cite

Informing Federal Policy on Firearm Restrictions for Veterans with Fiduciaries: Risk Indicators in the Post-Deployment Mental Health Study.

Journal Article Adm Policy Ment Health · July 2018 This article examines the public safety rationale for a federal policy of prohibiting gun sales to veterans with psychiatric disabilities who are assigned a fiduciary to manage their benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. The policy was evaluate ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Association Between Alcohol Consumption, Lifetime Alcohol Use Disorder, and Psychiatric Distress Among Male and Female Veterans.

Journal Article J Stud Alcohol Drugs · July 2018 OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine among veterans (a) whether alcohol consumption patterns are associated with probability of psychiatric symptoms and (b) whether an alcohol use disorder (AUD) history explains psychiatric symptoms among nondrinkers. ME ... Full text Link to item Cite

Risk factors for concurrent suicidal ideation and violent impulses in military veterans.

Journal Article Psychol Assess · April 2018 Suicide and violence are significant problems in a subset of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. This study investigates how posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and resilience in veterans are associated with suicidal ideation and violent impulses while control ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of continuation electroconvulsive therapy on quality of life in elderly depressed patients: A randomized clinical trial.

Journal Article J Psychiatr Res · February 2018 We examined whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) plus medications ("STABLE + PHARM" group) had superior HRQOL compared with medications alone ("PHARM" group) as continuation strategy after successful acute right unilateral ECT for major depressive disor ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of a Course of Right Unilateral Ultrabrief Pulse Electroconvulsive Therapy Combined With Venlafaxine on Insomnia Symptoms in Elderly Depressed Patients.

Conference J Clin Psychiatry · 2018 OBJECTIVE: Antidepressant medications have a variety of effects on sleep, apart from their antidepressant effects. It is unknown whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has effects on perceived sleep in depressed patients. This secondary analysis examines ... Full text Link to item Cite

Brain Structural Covariance Network Topology in Remitted Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Journal Article Front Psychiatry · 2018 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, chronic disorder with high psychiatric morbidity; however, a substantial portion of affected individuals experience remission after onset. Alterations in brain network topology derived from cortical thic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Exploring resilience models in a sample of combat-exposed military service members and veterans: a comparison and commentary.

Journal Article Eur J Psychotraumatol · 2018 Background: The term resilience is applied in numerous ways in the mental health field, leading to different perspectives of what constitutes a resilient response and disparate findings regarding its prevalence following trauma. Objective: illustrate the i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sleep quality in returning veterans: The influence of mild traumatic brain injury.

Journal Article Rehabil Psychol · November 2017 OBJECTIVE: Sleep disturbance is a key behavioral health concern among Iraq and Afghanistan era veterans and is a frequent complaint among veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Currently, it is unclear whether sleep disturbance is a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Self-Reported Pain in Male and Female Iraq/Afghanistan-Era Veterans: Associations with Psychiatric Symptoms and Functioning.

Journal Article Pain Med · September 1, 2017 OBJECTIVE: To examine pain symptoms and co-occurring psychiatric and functional indices in male and female Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. DESIGN: Self-reported data collection and interviews of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans who participated in a multisite ... Full text Link to item Cite

The Post-Deployment Mental Health (PDMH) study and repository: A multi-site study of US Afghanistan and Iraq era veterans.

Journal Article Int J Methods Psychiatr Res · September 2017 The United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) Post-Deployment Mental Health (PDMH) multi-site study examines post-deployment mental health in US military Afghanistan ... Full text Link to item Cite

Key updates in the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy.

Journal Article Int Rev Psychiatry · April 2017 ECT is the oldest and most effective therapy available for the treatment of severe major depression. It is highly effective in individuals with treatment resistance and when a rapid response is required. However, ECT is associated with memory impairment th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive Therapy and All-Cause Mortality in Texas, 1998-2013.

Journal Article J ECT · March 2017 INTRODUCTION: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains an effective treatment for major depressive disorder. Since 1995, Texas has maintained an ECT database including patient diagnoses and outcomes, and reporting any deaths within 14 days of receiving an E ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of a right unilateral ultrabrief pulse electroconvulsive therapy course on health related quality of life in elderly depressed patients.

Journal Article J Affect Disord · February 2017 INTRODUCTION: Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have poorer Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), compared with other patients with MDD, but ECT is associated with significant and durable improveme ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Novel Strategy for Continuation ECT in Geriatric Depression: Phase 2 of the PRIDE Study.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · November 1, 2016 OBJECTIVE: The randomized phase (phase 2) of the Prolonging Remission in Depressed Elderly (PRIDE) study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of continuation ECT plus medication compared with medication alone in depressed geriatric patients after a succ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Right Unilateral Ultrabrief Pulse ECT in Geriatric Depression: Phase 1 of the PRIDE Study.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · November 1, 2016 OBJECTIVE: The Prolonging Remission in Depressed Elderly (PRIDE) study evaluated the efficacy of right unilateral ultrabrief pulse electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with venlafaxine for the treatment of geriatric depression. METHOD: PRIDE was a two- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Use of Expert Consultation in a Complex Case of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Requiring Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Journal Article J Psychiatr Pract · November 2016 Our team at Emory University Hospital contacted experts at the National Network of Depression Centers (NNDC) for clinical guidance concerning a patient with schizophrenia hospitalized in the intensive care unit with a complex case of prolonged delirium sec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sexual revictimization among Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans.

Journal Article Psychiatry Res · June 30, 2016 Research in both civilian and military populations has demonstrated that females who experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are more likely to experience sexual assault in adulthood than females who did not experience CSA. Among veteran samples, however, ... Full text Link to item Cite

The FDA and ECT.

Journal Article J ECT · June 2016 Full text Link to item Cite

Allopregnanolone Levels Are Inversely Associated with Self-Reported Pain Symptoms in U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan-Era Veterans: Implications for Biomarkers and Therapeutics.

Journal Article Pain Med · January 2016 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain symptoms are common among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans, many of whom continue to experience persistent pain symptoms despite multiple pharmacological interventions. Preclinical data suggest that neurosteroids such as allopr ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

An exploratory pilot investigation of neurosteroids and self-reported pain in female Iraq/Afghanistan-era Veterans.

Journal Article J Rehabil Res Dev · 2016 Female Veterans are the most rapidly growing segment of new users of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), and a significant proportion of female Veterans receiving treatment from VHA primary care providers report persistent pain symptoms. Currently, a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Functional correlates of military sexual assault in male veterans.

Journal Article Psychol Serv · November 2015 Despite research findings that similar numbers of male and female veterans are affected by military sexual trauma (MST), there has been considerably less research on the effects of MST specific to male veterans. The aim of the present study was to provide ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of genetic variation in the nicotinic receptor genes on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Journal Article Psychiatry Res · September 30, 2015 The present study examined the association between genetic variation in the nicotinic receptor gene family (CHRNA2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNA10, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ... Full text Link to item Cite

Drug use and childhood-, military- and post-military trauma exposure among women and men veterans.

Journal Article Drug Alcohol Depend · July 1, 2015 BACKGROUND: The current study was undertaken to examine whether posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms mediated the association between trauma exposure (combat-related trauma and non-combat traumas occurring before, during, and after ... Full text Link to item Cite

Introduction to Convulsive Therapy

Chapter · June 5, 2015 This chapter discusses how convulsive therapy evolved as a treatment modality. It covers the basic principles of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and overviews the underlying electrical principles and serves as an introduction to how stimulus parameters and ... Full text Cite

The factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans and its relationship to violence, incarceration, suicide attempts, and suicidality.

Journal Article Psychiatry Res · December 15, 2014 The present research examined how incarceration, suicide attempts, suicidality, and difficulty controlling violence relate to the underlying factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N=1897). Diagnos ... Full text Link to item Cite

DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder: factor structure and rates of diagnosis.

Journal Article J Psychiatr Res · December 2014 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant problem among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. To date, however, there has been only limited research on how the recent changes in DSM-5 influence the prevalence and factor structure of PTSD. To address t ... Full text Link to item Cite

The impact of social support on psychological distress for U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq era veterans with PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses.

Journal Article Psychiatry Res · June 30, 2014 This study aimed to examine the degree to which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects the relationship between social support and psychological distress for U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq era veterans with and without co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Vete ... Full text Link to item Cite

Amino acids as biomarker candidates for suicidality in male OEF/OIF Veterans: relevance to NMDA receptor modulation and nitric oxide signaling.

Journal Article Mil Med · May 2014 Veteran populations are exposed to multiple stressful events, and suicidality among veterans is a serious problem. Identifying biomarkers of suicidality may enhance detection, prevention, and treatment. Multiple neurotransmitter systems are implicated in t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Altered resting-state functional connectivity of basolateral and centromedial amygdala complexes in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Journal Article Neuropsychopharmacology · January 2014 The amygdala is a major structure that orchestrates defensive reactions to environmental threats and is implicated in hypervigilance and symptoms of heightened arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The basolateral and centromedial amygdala (CMA) ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Effects of chronic mild traumatic brain injury on white matter integrity in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans.

Journal Article Hum Brain Mapp · November 2013 Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common source of morbidity from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. With no overt lesions on structural MRI, diagnosis of chronic mild TBI in military veterans relies on obtaining an accurate history and assessment of b ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive therapy device classification: response to FDA advisory panel hearing and recommendations.

Journal Article J Clin Psychiatry · January 2013 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and highly effective treatment for management of acute episodes of a variety of serious mental disorders, particularly for major depressive episodes that are resistant to multiple interventions with treatment alter ... Full text Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive therapy: how effective is it?

Journal Article J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc · 2011 Full text Link to item Cite

Correlates of anger and hostility in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · September 2010 OBJECTIVE: As troops return from Iraq and Afghanistan to civilian life, clinicians are starting to grapple with how best to detect those at risk of postdeployment adjustment problems. Data reveal the presence of mental health problems in these soldiers, in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Combined catecholamine and indoleamine depletion following response to ECT.

Journal Article Br J Psychiatry · June 2010 The mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating major depression is unknown. We studied two candidate mechanisms through inhibiting simultaneously the synthesis of noradrenaline and serotonin in patients immediately after successful ... Full text Link to item Cite

Fink M. Electroconvulsive Therapy

Journal Article The Journal of ECT · September 2009 Full text Cite

Antidepressant response to electroconvulsive therapy is sustained after catecholamine depletion.

Journal Article Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry · August 1, 2009 Although the antidepressant mechanism of ECT is unknown, there are data to support noradrenergic involvement. Patients who had been recently successfully treated with ECT for major depression were studied in a randomized double-blind cross-over design comp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Association of trauma exposure with psychiatric morbidity in military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001.

Journal Article J Psychiatr Res · June 2009 OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association of lifetime traumatic stress with psychiatric diagnostic status and symptom severity in veterans serving in the US military after 9/11/01. METHOD: Data from 356 US military veterans were analyzed. Measures inc ... Full text Link to item Cite

The effect of surgery on intraocular pressure fluctuations with electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with severe glaucoma.

Journal Article J ECT · December 2004 We sought to report glaucoma surgery as a possibly protective measure in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). An interventional case report is reported. IOP measurements were taken in patients with progr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ethical considerations with electroconvulsive therapy.

Journal Article Virtual Mentor · October 1, 2003 Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of Seizure Duration, Ictal EEG, and Cognitive Effects of Ketamine and Methohexital Anesthesia With ECT

Journal Article The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · February 2003 Full text Cite

Comparison of seizure duration, ictal EEG, and cognitive effects of ketamine and methohexital anesthesia with ECT.

Journal Article J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci · 2003 The authors retrospectively compared the seizure duration, ictal EEG, and cognitive side effects of ketamine and methohexital anesthesia with ECT. This comparison was carried out with data from consecutive index ECT treatments that occurred immediately bef ... Full text Link to item Cite

New developments in dosing strategies for ECT

Journal Article JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS · February 1, 2002 Link to item Cite

The choice of stimulus intensity with ECT

Journal Article Journal of ECT · January 1, 2002 Full text Cite

Antidepressant use by race.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · June 2001 Full text Link to item Cite

ECT failure rate among specific devices.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · June 2001 Full text Link to item Cite

ECT failure rate among specific devices - Drs. Krystal and Weiner reply

Journal Article AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY · June 1, 2001 Link to item Cite

Severity of subcortical gray matter hyperintensity predicts ECT response in geriatric depression.

Journal Article J ECT · March 2001 OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of subcortical white and gray matter lesions on ECT outcome. METHOD: 41 geriatric psychiatric inpatients underwent an MRI scan during their ECT work-up. Periventricular, deep white matter, and subcortical gray matter hype ... Full text Link to item Cite

The development and retrospective testing of an electroencephalographic seizure quality-based stimulus dosing paradigm with ECT.

Journal Article J ECT · December 2000 The optimization of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) stimulus dosing remains uncertain. Previous work suggests the potential utility of ictal EEG models of seizure adequacy, but such models have never been tested for their ability to improve the clinical do ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prediction of the utility of a switch from unilateral to bilateral ECT in the elderly using treatment 2 ictal EEG indices.

Journal Article J ECT · December 2000 BACKGROUND: The choice of whether to administer nondominant unilateral (UL) or bilateral (BL) ECT remains controversial. METHODS: A study in which moderately suprathreshold UL nonresponders at treatment 6 were randomized to UL or BL ECT offered the opportu ... Full text Link to item Cite

ECT stimulus intensity: are present ECT devices too limited?

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · June 2000 OBJECTIVE: The maximum output charge for ECT devices is limited to 576 millicoulombs in the United States, although there are no data ensuring that this limit will allow consistently effective treatments. The authors examined whether this limit has a negat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Titrated moderately suprathreshold vs fixed high-dose right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: acute antidepressant and cognitive effects.

Journal Article Arch Gen Psychiatry · May 2000 BACKGROUND: The antidepressant and cognitive side effects of right unilateral (RUL) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are reported to depend on the magnitude of the electrical stimulus relative to the seizure threshold. The stimulus doses explored in previou ... Full text Link to item Cite

The role of the ictal EEG in ECT stimulus dosing.

Journal Article JOURNAL OF ECT · March 1, 2000 Link to item Cite

EEG effects of ECT: implications for rTMS.

Journal Article Depress Anxiety · 2000 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves the use of electrical stimulation to elicit a series of generalized tonic-clonic seizures for therapeutic purposes and is the most effective treatment known for major depression. These treatments have significant ne ... Full text Link to item Cite

EEG correlates of the response to ECT: a possible antidepressant role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Journal Article J ECT · March 1999 Studies on the relationship of electroencephalographic (EEG) data to the therapeutic response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have been carried out since the 1940s, but for many years they did not yield any consistent correlates. Recent studies, however ... Link to item Cite

2. ECT and Anticonvulsant Medications

Journal Article The Journal of ECT · March 1999 Full text Cite

The use of flumazenil in the anxious and benzodiazepine-dependent ECT patient.

Journal Article J ECT · March 1998 Many patients who receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are benzodiazepine dependent or are anxious and require benzodiazepine drugs. Because these agents may diminish the therapeutic effectiveness of ECT, we explored the dosing, safety, and efficacy of ... Link to item Cite

Changes in seizure threshold over the course of electroconvulsive therapy affect therapeutic response and are detected by ictal EEG ratings.

Journal Article J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci · 1998 Therapeutic effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy is influenced by the degree to which the stimulus intensity exceeds the seizure threshold. However, the threshold rises variably over the treatment course, confounding maintenance of desired relative s ... Full text Link to item Cite

The largest Lyapunov exponent of the EEG during ECT seizures as a measure of ECT seizure adequacy.

Journal Article Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol · December 1997 Attributes of the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizures appear promising for decreasing the uncertainty that exists about how to define a therapeutically adequate seizure. In the present report we study whether ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lack of relapse with tryptophan depletion following successful treatment with ECT.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · August 1997 OBJECTIVE: Although the antidepressant mechanism of ECT is unknown, there are considerable data to support serotonergic involvement. The effects of tryptophan depletion were studied in patients with major depression treated successfully with ECT. METHOD: F ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clozapine-induced electroencephalogram changes as a function of clozapine serum levels.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · July 15, 1997 Specific electroencephalogram (EEG) changes during clozapine therapy were prospectively studied in a cohort of 50 chronic state hospital patients with schizophrenia who were randomly assigned to one of three nonoverlapping clozapine serum level ranges (50- ... Full text Link to item Cite

EEG correlates of the response to ECT

Journal Article BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY · April 1, 1997 Link to item Cite

Establishing an ambulatory ECT program: Different models.

Journal Article CONVULSIVE THERAPY · March 1, 1997 Link to item Cite

A comparison of EEG signal dynamics in waking, after anesthesia induction and during electroconvulsive therapy seizures.

Journal Article Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol · August 1996 Evidence suggests that quantitative dynamical measures of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are more appropriate for characterizing the differences between states in an individual rather than as absolute indices. One such measure, the largest Lyapunov exp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Serum prolactin, electrode placement, and the convulsive threshold during ECT.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · June 1996 This study examines the relationship of serum prolactin changes (delta PRL) to variations in electrode placement after controlling for differences in the convulsive threshold. Previous studies showing greater release of PRL with bilateral (BL) compared wit ... Link to item Cite

Effect of ECT treatment number on the ictal EEG.

Journal Article Psychiatry Res · May 17, 1996 Recent evidence suggests that attributes of the ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) may be clinically useful for estimating the extent to which the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) stimulus exceeds the seizure threshold (relative stimulus intensity). Such a to ... Full text Link to item Cite

The relative ability of three ictal EEG frequency bands to differentiate ECT seizures on the basis of electrode placement, stimulus intensity, and therapeutic response.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · March 1996 Ictal EEG indices show promise for separating individual ECT seizures on the basis of treatment electrode placement (ELPL), relative stimulus intensity (Dose), and expected therapeutic response. One factor impeding the effective clinical implementation of ... Link to item Cite

The anticonvulsant properties of ECT.

Journal Article CONVULSIVE THERAPY · March 1, 1996 Link to item Cite

Cost effectiveness of maintenance ECT.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · December 1995 Link to item Cite

ECT seizure duration: reliability of manual and computer-automated determinations.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · September 1995 Reliable monitoring of electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizure duration has become important as these assessments have become a routine part of the clinical practice of ECT. In this regard, accurate autom ... Link to item Cite

Seizure threshold in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) II. The anticonvulsant effect of ECT.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · June 1, 1995 To measure the anticonvulsant effects of a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), we used a flexible stimulus dosage titration procedure to estimate seizure threshold at the first and sixth ECT treatments in 62 patients with depression who were undergo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Seizure threshold in electroconvulsive therapy: I. Initial seizure threshold.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · May 15, 1995 We measured initial seizure threshold by means of a structured stimulus dosage titration procedure in a clinical sample of 111 depressed patients undergoing brief-pulse, constant-current electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Initial seizure threshold was approx ... Full text Link to item Cite

The ictal EEG as a marker of adequate stimulus intensity with unilateral ECT.

Journal Article J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci · 1995 Relative stimulus intensity above seizure threshold has been shown to affect therapeutic outcome with unilateral ECT. The authors sought to explore whether a multivariate ictal EEG model would permit ongoing clinical assessment of this parameter. Twenty-fi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Use of ECT in the United States in 1975, 1980, and 1986.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · November 1994 OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze nationally representative data from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to update trends in the use of ECT in the United States. METHOD: The data are estimates from the NIMH Sample Survey Program for 1975, ... Full text Link to item Cite

ECT seizure therapeutic adequacy.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · June 1994 From the beginnings of convulsive therapy, the need for some way to assess the therapeutic adequacy of individual treatments has been apparent. Recent work suggests that seizure therapeutic adequacy and adverse effects are dependent on the extent to which ... Link to item Cite

Physical properties and quantification of the ECT stimulus: I. Basic principles.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · June 1994 The physical properties of the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) stimulus markedly affect both efficacy and side effects. We review basic principles in characterizing these physical properties and in quantifying the ECT stimulus. The topics discussed include ... Link to item Cite

Back to the basics: electricity and ECT.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · June 1994 Link to item Cite

The present use of electroconvulsive therapy.

Journal Article Annu Rev Med · 1994 Physicians attempting to treat certain severe mental disorders have recently shown renewed interest in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A number of technical innovations have made ECT safer, as well as more effective. These innovations include oxygenation, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Treatment optimization with ECT.

Journal Article Psychopharmacol Bull · 1994 Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered to be an effective and safe treatment, as with any treatment, both therapeutic outcome and adverse effects can be expected to vary considerably across patients. It is incumbent upon the practitioner to ... Link to item Cite

The effects of ECT stimulus dose and electrode placement on the ictal electroencephalogram: an intraindividual crossover study.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · December 1, 1993 Recent evidence suggests that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) efficacy depends upon both electrode placement and the degree to which stimulus dosage exceeds seizure threshold (T), and not simply on surpassing a minimum seizure duration as has been assumed. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Convulsive threshold differences in right unilateral and bilateral ECT.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · November 1, 1993 UNLABELLED: This study examines how the convulsive threshold in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) varies with electrode placement (bilateral [BL] versus right unilateral [RUL]), age, gender, weight, and the nasion-inion measurements of the head. METHOD: Twen ... Full text Link to item Cite

ECT-induced status.

Journal Article Neurology · April 1993 Full text Link to item Cite

The dexamethasone suppression test and quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · March 15, 1993 To determine whether structural brain abnormalities in patients with depression are related to cortisol state, we examined the relationship between the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 40 inpatients with se ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spectral and topographic analysis of EEG in schizophrenic patients.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · February 15, 1993 The authors performed spectral analysis of electroencephalograms (EEG), recorded awake, with eyes closed, in 13 patients with schizophrenia and 9 age-matched individuals without psychiatric diagnosis. We tested several possible parameterizations of the dat ... Full text Link to item Cite

ECT-induced status [3]

Journal Article Neurology · 1993 Cite

Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study.

Journal Article Arch Gen Psychiatry · January 1993 Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine cerebral anatomy in 48 inpatients with severe depression who were referred for electroconvulsive therapy and in 76 normal control subjects. The magnetic resonance imaging measures included determinations of re ... Full text Link to item Cite

ECT in a State Hospital Setting.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1992 The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in U.S. state hospitals has markedly decreased in the past 20 years. During this time ECT technique has reached a high level of sophistication. We examine whether ECT still has a place and can be effectively used ... Link to item Cite

Dental Pathology in ECT Patients Prior to Treatment.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1992 Dental complications during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are uncommon. Nevertheless, dental complications are often cited in ECT-related malpractice litigation. Choice of dental protection during ECT should be based on dental pathology prior to ECT. We ... Link to item Cite

Dental Consultation in ECT.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1992 Link to item Cite

The monitoring and management of electrically induced seizures.

Journal Article Psychiatr Clin North Am · December 1991 Because induced seizures have such a fundamental influence on both beneficial and adverse effects associated with ECT, it is crucial that they be monitored as effectively as possible. In practice this process involves a combination of both motor and EEG mo ... Link to item Cite

Brain anatomic effects of electroconvulsive therapy. A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study.

Journal Article Arch Gen Psychiatry · November 1991 To determine prospectively whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) produces structural brain changes, 35 inpatients with depression underwent magnetic resonance imaging before and twice after (at 2 to 3 days and at 6 months) completion of a course of brief ... Full text Link to item Cite

Practical issues in the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Journal Article Psychiatr Med · 1991 ECT is a safe and effective treatment for affective disorders and certain types of schizophrenia. It is also useful as a form of continuation/maintenance therapy in otherwise resistant cases. The referral of a patient for ECT is based on a careful risk-ben ... Link to item Cite

Effects of Labetalol on Hemodynamics and Seizure Duration During ECT.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1991 Beta blockers are commonly used to attenuate the transient increase in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) that accompany electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Recent reports have suggested that several beta blockers have anticonvulsant properties and hence ... Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive therapy in the United States.

Journal Article Psychopharmacol Bull · 1991 In 1990, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) celebrated 50 years of continuous use in the United States. After many trials and tribulations, this treatment modality has experienced a resurgence of interest in recent years. Contemporary research has helped to b ... Link to item Cite

THE LARGEST LYAPUNOV EXPONENT OF THE EEG IN ECT SEIZURES

Conference PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON MEASURING CHAOS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN · January 1, 1991 Link to item Cite

Cardiovascular response to unilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · November 1, 1990 Few studies have examined the cardiovascular response to pulse unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) performed using modern techniques. In this study of 30 patients (mean age 62 years) with major depression, we determined the effects of pulse unilater ... Full text Link to item Cite

TEMPORAL-LOBE ANATOMY IN THE DEPRESSED ELDERLY - A CONTROLLED MRI INVESTIGATION

Journal Article JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY · August 1, 1990 Link to item Cite

Caffeine augmentation of ECT.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · May 1990 In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of 40 depressed inpatients, the authors compared two techniques for maintaining seizure duration during pulse unilateral ECT: pretreatment with intravenous caffeine versus electrical stimulus in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive therapy: an update.

Journal Article Hosp Community Psychiatry · May 1990 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe, rapidly acting, and very effective form of treatment for severe affective illness. In recent years the limitations of available psychopharmacotherapies and the pressures of cost containment appear to be encouragin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · February 1990 Subcortical hyperintensity on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging was significantly more common and more severe in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT than in a matched control group of normal elderly subjects. The potential clinical and r ... Full text Link to item Cite

Do repeated courses of ECT cause brain damage detectable by MRI? (I: Reply)

Journal Article American Journal of Psychiatry · January 1, 1990 Cite

Continuation Therapy for Depression Using Outpatient Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1989 This naturalistic study followed the course of 27 patients who received continuation therapy with outpatient electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) after responding well to an index course of ECT for major depression. The continuation outpatient ECT protocol cons ... Link to item Cite

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Elderly Depressed Patients Receiving Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1989 The authors review their experience with brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in elderly patients with depression referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A variety of brain changes were identified on the pre-ECT MR scans of these patients, including ... Link to item Cite

White matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical and neuroanatomic correlates in the depressed elderly.

Journal Article J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci · 1989 In a prospective study of depressed elderly patients referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), subcortical white matter hyperintensity (WMH) was seen in all 51 patients 60 years or older who received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to treatment. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Leukoencephalopathy and depression.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · September 1988 Link to item Cite

Effects of ECT on brain structure: a pilot prospective magnetic resonance imaging study.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · June 1988 The authors describe a pilot prospective investigation of the effects of ECT on brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In nine patients with major depression, a course of ECT produced no acute changes in brain structure according to blind ... Full text Link to item Cite

Leukoencephalopathy in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · June 1988 Using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution computed tomography (CT), we identified changes in the subcortical white matter in 44 of 67 elderly depressed inpatients (66%) referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This "leukoencepha ... Full text Link to item Cite

Topographic maps of brain electrical activity--pitfalls and precautions.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · March 15, 1988 Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity is a popular, powerful, and potentially misleading technique. The map lies at the end of a long chain of physiological, technical, electronic, and mathematical processes and is vulnerable to artifact, error, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Constant Current vs Constant Voltage ECT Devices

Journal Article British Journal of Psychiatry · February 1988 Full text Cite

Constant current vs constant voltage ECT devices.

Journal Article Br J Psychiatry · February 1988 Link to item Cite

ECT instrumentation

Journal Article Biological Psychiatry · January 1, 1988 Full text Cite

Effects of ECT on Polysomnographic Sleep: A Prospective Investigation.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1988 The authors describe a pilot investigation using ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) to assess rapid eye movement (REM) latency in 11 depressed inpatients before and after a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Prior to beginning ECT, all subjects had R ... Link to item Cite

The First ECT Devices.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1988 The earliest electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) equipment was surprisingly advanced in its characteristics. Designed by some of the leading clinical scientists of the day in conjunction with creative engineering entrepreneurs, many devices contained features ... Link to item Cite

THE 1ST ECT DEVICES

Journal Article CONVULSIVE THERAPY · January 1, 1988 Link to item Cite

Use of caffeine to lengthen seizures in ECT.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · September 1987 During a course of ECT, seizure duration may become too brief for clinical benefit. Use of higher-energy stimuli may lengthen seizures but may also increase the risk of toxicity, and it is not possible when maximum settings are reached. The authors present ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neuropsychological aspects of disorientation.

Journal Article Cortex · June 1987 Patients were asked twelve orientation questions before ECT and during the recovery period (the postictal confusional state) following ECT. Disorientation was more severe in the elderly. The different orientation items did not recover simultaneously; diffe ... Full text Link to item Cite

Augmentation of ECT seizures with caffeine.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · May 1987 Full text Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Depressed Patient with a Functioning Ventriculoatrial Shunt.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1987 We report a depressed man, with a ventriculoatrial shunt for normal pressure hydrocephalus, who was successfully treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The management of patients who have brain shunts and who are referred for ECT is discussed. ... Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Brain.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1987 A depressed woman with multiple sclerosis was successfully treated with electroconvulsive therapy without any adverse effects to her neurologic status. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed before and after the course of therapy and reveale ... Link to item Cite

THE ROLE OF STIMULUS WAVE-FORM

Journal Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE · January 1, 1987 Link to item Cite

EEG EFFECTS OF ECT - PRELIMINARY TOPOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

Journal Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE · January 1, 1987 Link to item Cite

Minimizing Therapeutic Differences Between Bilateral and Unilateral Nondominant ECT.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1986 Conflicting results continue to be reported for studies contrasting the therapeutic efficacy of bilateral and unilateral nondominant electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). At least in part, the therapeutic advantage for bilateral ECT observed by some investigato ... Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive Therapy in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Issues of Muscular Relaxation.

Journal Article Convuls Ther · 1986 The authors describe a depressed patient with osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis, and vertebral compression fractures, who was successfully treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The management during ECT of patients at increased risk of fracture ... Link to item Cite

ARTIFACT AND DISTORTION IN BRAIN ELECTRICAL MAPPING

Journal Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE · January 1, 1986 Link to item Cite

ELECTRICAL DOSAGE, STIMULUS PARAMETERS, AND ELECTRODE PLACEMENT

Journal Article PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY BULLETIN · January 1, 1986 Link to item Cite

Perceptual learning with right unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

Journal Article Br J Psychiatry · October 1984 Perceptual learning was examined with respect to variations in ECT electrode placement (bilateral versus right unilateral) and ECT stimulus waveform (sinusoidal versus brief-pulse). While patients receiving right unilateral ECT demonstrated more perceptual ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of ECT on diabetes mellitus. An attempt to account for conflicting data.

Journal Article Acta Psychiatr Scand · October 1984 The authors review the recent, conflicting findings of the effect of ECT on diabetes mellitus. To further explore this relationship, they present case reports of three adult-onset diabetic patients with varying degrees of diabetic management who were treat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Convulsive therapy: 50 years later.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · September 1984 Full text Link to item Cite

Does electroconvulsive therapy cause brain damage?

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 1984 Although the use of ECT has declined dramatically from its inception, this decrease has recently shown signs of leveling out because of ECT's powerful therapeutic effect in severely ill depressed individuals who either do not respond to pharmacologic alter ... Full text Cite

ECT: Facts, affects, and ambiguities

Journal Article Behavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 1984 Full text Cite

ECT: Still Controversial and Still Being Used

Journal Article Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews · August 1983 Full text Cite

ECT-induced delirium and further ECT: a case report.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · July 1983 The authors report the occurrence of a severe confusional state (DSM-III delirium) in a patient who received bilateral sinusoidal ECT. Unilateral brief-pulse ECT was then used to successfully treat the patient's depression without the redevelopment of deli ... Full text Link to item Cite

The price of psychotropic drugs: a neglected factor.

Journal Article Hosp Community Psychiatry · June 1983 Of the various factors that determine the choice of psychotropic drugs, economic cost to patients is often not adequately considered. The authors present results of a small survey of private pharmacy prices for psychopharmacologic agents, and compare these ... Full text Link to item Cite

[No Title]

Journal Article British Journal of Psychiatry · May 1983 Full text Cite

Output measurement of electroconvulsive therapy devices

Journal Article Journal of Clinical Engineering · January 1, 1983 A variety of devices are utilized with Electroconvulsive Therapy. A simple means of evaluating the output of such devices in terms of energy is presented. The tester described can measure output energies to an accuracy of better than 5 percent over a range ... Full text Cite

ECT in the physically ill

Journal Article Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation · January 1, 1983 Cite

Evaluation of the central nervous system risks of ECT

Journal Article Psychopharmacology Bulletin · January 1, 1982 Cite

ECT-induced status epilepticus and further ECT: a case report.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · September 1981 The author describes an occurrence of ECT-induced status epilepticus in a patient who was psychotically depressed and unresponsive to tricyclic and neuroleptic medication. After an extensive evaluation and further unsuccessful use of treatment alternatives ... Full text Link to item Cite

Acute effects of electroconvulsive therapy on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials.

Journal Article Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol · August 1981 The acute effects of electroconvulsive therapy on brain stem auditory evoked potentials were investigated in 6 psychiatric inpatients. Even during the induced seizure, no significant effects were noted, a finding consistent with the stability of these far- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive therapy: Do persistent CNS changes occur?

Journal Article Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation · January 1, 1981 Electroconvulsive therapy is known to be associated with amnestic and pathophysiologic effects, and structural CNS counterparts of these changes have been suggested. Evidence relating to the possible persistence of these changes is reviewed, and implicatio ... Cite

Seizures terminable and interminable with ECT.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · November 1980 The authors discuss the incidence, detection, management, and significance of prolonged seizures with ECT and present a case example. They suggest that the incidence of this phenomenon may be underreported and that its occurrence may be linked to hyperoxyg ... Full text Link to item Cite

Electroconvulsive therapy in the presence of brain tumor. Case reports and an evaluation of risk.

Journal Article J Nerv Ment Dis · July 1980 The clinical basis for the long established contraindication of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the presence of brain tumor is reviewed, as is the recent literature that has questioned the absolute nature of that contraindication. A need for a specific ... Full text Link to item Cite

The persistence of electroconvulsive therapy-induced changes in the electroencephalogram.

Journal Article J Nerv Ment Dis · April 1980 The literature concerning the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) upon the EEG is reviewed with respect to the degree and persistence of abnormalities. The most common electrophysiological dysfunction consists of generalized regular and irregular sl ... Full text Link to item Cite

ECT and seizure threshold: effects of stimulus wave form and electrode placement.

Journal Article Biol Psychiatry · April 1980 The effects of stimulus parameters and electrode placement upon ECT seizure threshold were investigated in 40 psychiatric inpatients referred for ECT treatment, using EEG monitoring of seizure activity. Overall, brief pulse stimuli were found to require ap ... Link to item Cite

The psychiatric use of electrically induced seizures.

Journal Article Am J Psychiatry · December 1979 ECT is an effective but also controversial treatment modality in psychiatry. The decision of when to use ECT is predicated on a knowledgeable assessment of anticipated benefits and possible risks as they apply to each individual case. Refinements in ECT te ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of pairs of individual Ia-E.P.S.P.S in single motoneurones.

Journal Article J Physiol · February 1976 1. Recordings of individual e.p.s.p.s evoked by the action of single medial gastrocnemius Ia fibres have been made from medial gastrocnemius motoneurones. In many motoneurones the action of two Ia fibres has been observed and the properties of the e.p.s.p. ... Full text Link to item Cite