Journal ArticleCancer Prev Res (Phila) · December 3, 2024
Metformin administration has recently emerged as a candidate strategy for the prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the intricate relationship between genetic alterations in HNSCC and metformin sensitivity is still poorly un ...
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Other · December 3, 2024
<p>Supplementary Figure 3: Metabolic profiling of CAL27 Control and HRAS mutant cells reveals changes in ATP production and oxygen consumption rates.</p> ...
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Other · December 3, 2024
<p>Supplementary Figure 4: Synergistic effects of Metformin and Dichloroacetate (DCA) in HNSCC cell lines</p> ...
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Other · December 3, 2024
<p>Supplementary Figure 1: cancer-associated HRAS mutations in HNSCC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Represetive images of the clonogenic assays.</p> ...
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Other · December 3, 2024
<div>Abstract<p>Metformin administration has recently emerged as a candidate strategy for the prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the intricate relationship between genetic alterations in HNSCC and metf ...
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Journal ArticleCancer Discov · November 19, 2024
Cancer cells exploit a mesenchymal-like transcriptional state (MLS) to survive drug treatments. Although the MLS is well characterized, few therapeutic vulnerabilities targeting this program have been identified. Here, we systematically identify the depend ...
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Journal ArticleJ Phys Chem B · October 10, 2024
Synthesis, optical spectroscopic properties, two-photon (TP) absorption-induced fluorescence, and laser and bioimaging application potentials of 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrachloroferrate (1),4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-diphenylpyrylium tetrachloroferrate (2), ...
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Other · September 16, 2024
<div>Abstract<p>PIK3CA is the second most mutated gene in cancer leading to aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and increased translation, proliferation, and survival. Some 4-25% of gastric cancers display activating PIK3CA mutations inclu ...
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Other · September 16, 2024
<p>S1. BYL719 and DMSO beta scores
S2. Ribbon plots of non-gastric cancer cell lines included in screen.
S3. Dasatinib renders AGS cells hyper-sensitive to BYL719
S4. Loss of BCL-XL induces cell death in BYL719 treated MKN1
S5. BCL-XL inhibit ...
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Other · September 16, 2024
<div>Abstract<p>PIK3CA is the second most mutated gene in cancer leading to aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and increased translation, proliferation, and survival. Some 4-25% of gastric cancers display activating PIK3CA mutations inclu ...
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Other · September 16, 2024
<p>S1. BYL719 and DMSO beta scores
S2. Ribbon plots of non-gastric cancer cell lines included in screen.
S3. Dasatinib renders AGS cells hyper-sensitive to BYL719
S4. Loss of BCL-XL induces cell death in BYL719 treated MKN1
S5. BCL-XL inhibit ...
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Journal ArticleNat Cancer · July 2024
Dose-limiting toxicity poses a major limitation to the clinical utility of targeted cancer therapies, often arising from target engagement in nonmalignant tissues. This obstacle can be minimized by targeting cancer dependencies driven by proteins with tiss ...
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Journal ArticleMol Cancer Ther · June 4, 2024
A majority of patients with cancer receive radiotherapy as part of their treatment regimens whether using external beam therapy or locally-delivered radioisotopes. While often effective, some tumors are inadequately controlled with radiation and radiothera ...
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Other · June 4, 2024
<div>Abstract<p>A majority of patients with cancer receive radiotherapy as part of their treatment regimens whether using external beam therapy or locally-delivered radioisotopes. While often effective, some tumors are inadequately cont ...
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Other · June 4, 2024
<div>Abstract<p>A majority of patients with cancer receive radiotherapy as part of their treatment regimens whether using external beam therapy or locally-delivered radioisotopes. While often effective, some tumors are inadequately cont ...
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Journal ArticleNAR Genom Bioinform · June 2024
Recent advancements in shRNA and Cas protein technologies have enabled functional screening methods targeting genes or non-coding regions using single or pooled shRNA and sgRNA. CRISPR-based systems have also been developed for modulating DNA accessibility ...
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Journal ArticleNPJ Precis Oncol · May 31, 2024
Acquired resistance remains a major challenge for therapies targeting oncogene activated pathways. KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers, yet strategies targeting its downstream signaling kinases have failed to produce durable treat ...
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Journal ArticleTrends Cell Biol · March 2024
Cytotoxic chemo-, radio-, and targeted therapies frequently elicit apoptotic cancer cell death. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a critical, regulated step in this apoptotic pathway. The residual cancer cells that survive treatment s ...
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Journal ArticleNat Ecol Evol · January 2024
Cancers with acquired resistance to targeted therapy can become simultaneously dependent on the presence of the targeted therapy drug for survival, suggesting that intermittent therapy may slow resistance. However, relatively little is known about which tu ...
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Journal ArticleMol Cancer Res · November 1, 2023
UNLABELLED: PIK3CA is the second most mutated gene in cancer leading to aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and increased translation, proliferation, and survival. Some 4%-25% of gastric cancers display activating PIK3CA mutations, including 80% of Epstein-Ba ...
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Other · November 1, 2023
<p>S1. BYL719 and DMSO beta scores
S2. Ribbon plots of non-gastric cancer cell lines included in screen.
S3. Dasatinib renders AGS cells hyper-sensitive to BYL719
S4. Loss of BCL-XL induces cell death in BYL719 treated MKN1
S5. BCL-XL inhibit ...
Full textCite
Other · November 1, 2023
<div>Abstract<p><i>PIK3CA</i> is the second most mutated gene in cancer leading to aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and increased translation, proliferation, and survival. Some 4%–25% of gastric cancers display activating &l ...
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Other · November 1, 2023
<p>S1. BYL719 and DMSO beta scores
S2. Ribbon plots of non-gastric cancer cell lines included in screen.
S3. Dasatinib renders AGS cells hyper-sensitive to BYL719
S4. Loss of BCL-XL induces cell death in BYL719 treated MKN1
S5. BCL-XL inhibit ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticlebioRxiv · September 21, 2023
Enhancers possess both structural elements mediating promoter looping and functional elements mediating gene expression. Traditional models of enhancer-mediated gene regulation imply genomic overlap or immediate adjacency of these elements. We test this mo ...
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Journal ArticleProc Natl Acad Sci U S A · September 19, 2023
Evidence has long suggested that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may play a prominent role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) pathogenesis, but clinical trials of EGFR inhibitors have yielded disappointing results. Using a candidate drug scree ...
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Other · August 9, 2023
<p>S1. BYL719 and DMSO beta scores
S2. Ribbon plots of non-gastric cancer cell lines included in screen.
S3. Dasatinib renders AGS cells hyper-sensitive to BYL719
S4. Loss of BCL-XL induces cell death in BYL719 treated MKN1
S5. BCL-XL inhibit ...
Full textCite
Other · August 9, 2023
<div>Abstract<p><i>PIK3CA</i> is the second most mutated gene in cancer leading to aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and increased translation, proliferation, and survival. Some 4%–25% of gastric cancers display activating &l ...
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Other · August 9, 2023
<p>S1. BYL719 and DMSO beta scores
S2. Ribbon plots of non-gastric cancer cell lines included in screen.
S3. Dasatinib renders AGS cells hyper-sensitive to BYL719
S4. Loss of BCL-XL induces cell death in BYL719 treated MKN1
S5. BCL-XL inhibit ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · April 2023
The hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) enables cells to adapt and respond to hypoxia (Hx), and the activity of this transcription factor is regulated by several oncogenic signals and cellular stressors. While the pathways controlling normoxic degradatio ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · March 14, 2023
During apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) enables certain mitochondrial matrix macromolecules to escape into the cytosol. However, the fate of mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) during apoptosis is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MOM ...
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Journal ArticleTrends Cancer · February 2023
The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. Although the pro-survival members of this family can help cancer cells evade apoptosis, they may also produce apoptotic vulnerabilities that can potentially be exploited therape ...
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Journal ArticlebioRxiv · January 19, 2023
Targeted therapies have revolutionized cancer chemotherapy. Unfortunately, most patients develop multifocal resistance to these drugs within a matter of months. Here, we used a high-throughput phenotypic small molecule screen to identify MCB-613 as a compo ...
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Journal ArticleCancer Res · January 4, 2023
UNLABELLED: Mutational loss of CDKN2A (encoding p16INK4A) tumor-suppressor function is a key genetic step that complements activation of KRAS in promoting the development and malignant growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, pharmacolog ...
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Journal ArticleCancer Res · November 2, 2022
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in normal and malignant cell growth. However, pharmacologic targeting of mTOR in cancer has shown little clinical benefit, in spite of aberrant hyperactivation of mTOR in most solid tumors. Here, ...
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Journal ArticleNPJ Precis Oncol · October 23, 2022
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains a deadly malignancy lacking systemic therapies for advanced disease. Recent advancements include selective FGFR1-3 inhibitors for the 15% of ICC patients harboring fusions, although survival is limited by poor ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · August 2, 2022
Adoptive T cell therapies (ACT) have been curative for a limited number of cancer patients. The sensitization of cancer cells to T cell killing may expand the benefit of these therapies for more patients. To this end, we use a three-step approach to identi ...
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Journal ArticleNat Cancer · July 2022
Selinexor is a first-in-class inhibitor of the nuclear exportin XPO1 that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (A ...
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Journal ArticleJ Clin Invest · June 15, 2022
Wnt signaling regulates the balance between stemness and differentiation in multiple tissues and in cancer. RNF43-mutant pancreatic cancers are dependent on Wnt production, and pharmacologic blockade of the pathway, e.g., by PORCN inhibitors, leads to tumo ...
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Journal ArticleNat Chem Biol · June 2022
Precision oncology requires an understanding of the genes and pathways that dictate therapeutic response. Through specialized analysis of drug sensitivity patterns across hundreds of genomically annotated cancer cell lines, specific and actionable drivers ...
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Journal ArticleMol Cancer Ther · May 4, 2022
Human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common cancer worldwide with an unmet need for more effective, less toxic treatments. Currently, both the disease and the treatment of HNSCC cause significant mortality ...
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Journal ArticleSci Transl Med · March 30, 2022
Residual cancer cells that survive drug treatments with targeted therapies act as a reservoir from which eventual resistant disease emerges. Although there is great interest in therapeutically targeting residual cells, efforts are hampered by our limited k ...
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ConferenceMol Cancer Ther · January 2022
Oncogenic RAS signaling is an attractive target for fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma (FN-RMS). Our study validates the role of the ERK MAPK effector pathway in mediating RAS dependency in a panel of H/NRASQ61X mutant RMS cells and correlates in vivo effica ...
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Journal ArticleMethodsX · 2022
PTEN is a well-known tumor suppressor that is inactivated or suppressed at a high frequency in cancer. We sought an assay to screen compounds for ones that differentially inhibited proliferation or induced cytotoxicity in PTEN mutated cancer cells. We empl ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · October 26, 2021
Targeting mitochondrial metabolism has emerged as a treatment option for cancer patients. The ABL tyrosine kinases promote metastasis, and enhanced ABL signaling is associated with a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Here we show that ABL kin ...
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Journal ArticleSci Adv · September 17, 2021
Single-cell analysis tools have made substantial advances in characterizing genomic heterogeneity; however, tools for measuring phenotypic heterogeneity have lagged due to the increased difficulty of handling live biology. Here, we report a single-cell phe ...
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Journal ArticleNPJ Breast Cancer · July 2, 2021
Management of breast cancer in limited-resource settings is hindered by a lack of low-cost, logistically sustainable approaches toward molecular and cellular diagnostic pathology services that are needed to guide therapy. To address these limitations, we h ...
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Journal ArticleCancer Discov · December 2020
Deciphering the impact of metabolic intervention on response to anticancer therapy may elucidate a path toward improved clinical responses. Here, we identify amino acid-related pathways connected to the folate cycle whose activation predicts sensitivity to ...
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ConferenceCancer Research · August 15, 2020
AbstractUveal melanoma (UM) is characterized by gain-of-function mutations in GNAQ or GNA11, encoding Gα proteins from the Gq/11 family. UM is the most common eye malignancy in adults. Approximately 50% of U ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · June 16, 2020
We address whether combinations with a pan-RAF inhibitor (RAFi) would be effective in KRAS mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Chemical library and CRISPR genetic screens identify combinations causing apoptotic anti-tumor activity. The most pot ...
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Journal ArticleNat Genet · April 2020
Local adaptation directs populations towards environment-specific fitness maxima through acquisition of positively selected traits. However, rapid environmental changes can identify hidden fitness trade-offs that turn adaptation into maladaptation, resulti ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · January 27, 2020
Two complementary studies in Nature Communications define a critical role for the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1 as a driver of adaptive survival in tumor cells treated with oncogene targeted therapies, providing a rationale for combining these agents with n ...
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Journal ArticleJ Biol Chem · January 3, 2020
Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect (WE) is characterized by increased glucose uptake and incomplete oxidation to lactate. Although the WE is ubiquitous, its biological role remains controversial, and whether glucose metabolism is functionally differe ...
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ConferenceBlood · November 13, 2019
Metabolic rewiring of neoplastic cells engenders metabolic liabilities that can be exploited to design innovative therapeutic strategies, including those to increase the therapeutic index of existing anticancer therapies. We hypothesized that metab ...
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ConferenceBlood · November 13, 2019
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive myeloid cancer of the hematopoietic system that primarily affects older adults and is characterized by therapy resistance and dismal outcomes. Novel approaches to t ...
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Journal ArticleOncogene · October 2019
Pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) is aggressive and lethal. Although there is an urgent need for effective therapeutics in treating pancreatic cancer, none of the targeted therapies tested in clinical trials to date significantly i ...
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Journal ArticleSci Adv · September 2019
Extrinsic pathway agonists have failed repeatedly in the clinic for three core reasons: Inefficient ligand-induced receptor multimerization, poor pharmacokinetic properties, and tumor intrinsic resistance. Here, we address these factors by (i) using a high ...
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ConferenceCancer Research · July 1, 2019
AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients have a dismal five-year survival rate of just eight percent in the advanced metastatic setting. Outcomes with standard chemotherapy regimens are less ...
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Journal ArticleSci Rep · June 28, 2019
Human tumors have distinct profiles of genomic alterations, and each of these alterations has the potential to cause unique changes to cellular homeostasis. Detailed analyses of these changes could reveal downstream effects of genomic alterations, contribu ...
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Journal ArticleCell Metab · May 7, 2019
Crosstalk between metabolic and survival pathways is critical for cellular homeostasis, but the connectivity between these processes remains poorly defined. We used loss-of-function CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening to identify metabolic genes capable of infl ...
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Journal ArticlePLoS One · 2019
BACKGROUND: Radium-223 is a targeted alpha-particle therapy that improves survival in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), particularly in men with elevated serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP). We hypothesized tha ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · October 15, 2018
Intrinsic resistance to anti-HER2 therapy in breast cancer remains an obstacle in the clinic, limiting its efficacy. However, the biological basis for intrinsic resistance is poorly understood. Here we performed a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss-of-function gene ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · August 29, 2018
While inhibitors of BCL-2 family proteins (BH3 mimetics) have shown promise as anti-cancer agents, the various dependencies or co-dependencies of diverse cancers on BCL-2 genes remain poorly understood. Here we develop a drug screening approach to define t ...
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Journal ArticleLab Chip · July 10, 2018
We demonstrate a hybrid microfluidic system that combines fluidic trapping and acoustic switching to organize an array of single cells at high density. The fluidic trapping step is achieved by balancing the hydrodynamic resistances of three parallel channe ...
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Journal ArticleTrends Cancer · May 2018
Oncogenic KRAS can activate numerous effector pathways to drive malignant progression. However, the relationships between specific effectors and oncogenic phenotypes, and the extent to which these relationships vary across heterogeneous tumors, are incompl ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · April 26, 2018
Altered mitochondrial dynamics can broadly impact tumor cell physiology. Using genetic and pharmacological profiling of cancer cell lines and human tumors, we here establish that perturbations to the mitochondrial dynamics network also result in specific t ...
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Journal ArticleJ Am Stat Assoc · 2018
Nonlinear kernel regression models are often used in statistics and machine learning because they are more accurate than linear models. Variable selection for kernel regression models is a challenge partly because, unlike the linear regression setting, the ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · December 5, 2017
Diverse pathways drive resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors in BRAF-mutant melanoma, suggesting that durable control of resistance will be a challenge. By combining statistical modeling of genomic data from matched pre-treatment and post-relapse patient tumor ...
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ConferenceMolecular Cancer Therapeutics · October 1, 2017
AbstractOur laboratory uses genomic and pharmacological methods to define the pathways of resistance to targeted anticancer therapies. Toward this end, we recently developed a technique in which engineered l ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · July 25, 2017
Combinatorial inhibition of effector and feedback pathways is a promising treatment strategy for KRAS mutant cancers. However, the particular pathways that should be targeted to optimize therapeutic responses are unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we systematical ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · June 8, 2017
KRAS mutations drive resistance to targeted therapies, including EGFR inhibitors in colorectal cancer (CRC). Through genetic screens, we unexpectedly find that mutant HRAS, which is rarely found in CRC, is a stronger driver of resistance than mutant KRAS. ...
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Journal ArticleElife · April 20, 2017
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is causally linked to several human cancers. EBV expresses viral oncogenes that promote cell growth and inhibit the apoptotic response to uncontrolled proliferation. The EBV oncoprotein LMP1 constitutively activate ...
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Journal ArticleSci Transl Med · January 25, 2017
Therapeutic strategies that stabilize wild-type MLL proteins have selective activity in MLL-rearranged leukemias. ...
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Journal ArticleSci Transl Med · December 14, 2016
Therapies that efficiently induce apoptosis are likely to be required for durable clinical responses in patients with solid tumors. Using a pharmacological screening approach, we discovered that combined inhibition of B cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL) a ...
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Journal ArticleGenes Cancer · July 2016
Functional genomics approaches such as gain- and loss-of-function screening can efficiently reveal genes that control cancer cell growth, survival, signal transduction, and drug resistance, but distilling the results of large-scale screens into actionable ...
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Journal ArticleSci Rep · June 10, 2016
ABT-199, a potent and selective small-molecule antagonist of BCL-2, is being clinically vetted as pharmacotherapy for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, given that prolonged monotherapy tends to beget resistance, we sought to investiga ...
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Journal ArticleSci Rep · June 6, 2016
Changes in cellular mechanical properties correlate with the progression of metastatic cancer along the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Few high-throughput methodologies exist that measure cell compliance, which can be used to understand the im ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · April 12, 2016
Imaging studies in animals and in humans have indicated that the oxygenation and nutritional status of solid tumors is dynamic. Furthermore, the extremely low level of glucose within tumors, while reflecting its rapid uptake and metabolism, also suggests t ...
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Journal ArticleSci Rep · December 1, 2015
The coordination of metabolic processes to allow increased nutrient uptake and utilization for macromolecular synthesis is central for cell growth. Although studies of bulk cell populations have revealed important metabolic and signaling requirements that ...
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Journal ArticleCancer Res · October 15, 2015
Resistance substantially limits the depth and duration of clinical responses to targeted anticancer therapies. Through the use of complementary experimental approaches, investigators have revealed that cancer cells can achieve resistance through adaptation ...
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Journal ArticleNat Commun · September 22, 2015
Molecular targeted drugs are clinically effective anti-cancer therapies. However, tumours treated with single agents usually develop resistance. Here we use colorectal cancer (CRC) as a model to study how the acquisition of resistance to EGFR-targeted ther ...
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Journal ArticleJ Clin Invest · January 2015
Activation of CD4+ T cells results in rapid proliferation and differentiation into effector and regulatory subsets. CD4+ effector T cell (Teff) (Th1 and Th17) and Treg subsets are metabolically distinct, yet the specific metabolic differences that modify T ...
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Journal ArticleSci Signal · December 23, 2014
Cancer cells can activate diverse signaling pathways to evade the cytotoxic action of drugs. We created and screened a library of barcoded pathway-activating mutant complementary DNAs to identify those that enhanced the survival of cancer cells in the pres ...
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Journal ArticleSci Signal · December 23, 2014
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) frequently have an activating mutation in the gene encoding Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Thus, targeting the pathway mediated by JAK and its downstream substrate, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), may yi ...
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Journal ArticleScience Signaling · December 23, 2014
This Podcast features an interview with Kris Wood, senior author of two Research Articles that appear in the 23 December 2014 issue of Science Signaling, about signaling pathways that enable cancer cells to develop drug resistance. Myeloprolfierative neopl ...
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Journal ArticleCell Rep · March 27, 2014
Drug resistance in bacterial infections and cancers constitutes a major threat to human health. Treatments often include several interacting drugs, but even potent therapies can become ineffective in resistant mutants. Here, we simplify the picture of drug ...
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Journal ArticleSci Signal · May 15, 2012
Cell microarrays are a promising tool for performing large-scale functional genomic screening in mammalian cells at reasonable cost, but owing to technical limitations they have been restricted for use with a narrow range of cell lines and short-term assay ...
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Journal ArticleCell Stem Cell · September 4, 2009
Stress can activate tumor-suppressive mechanisms, causing the loss of adult stem cell function with age. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell and in Nature, Castilho et al. (2009) and Harrison et al. (2009) highlight the importance of mTOR signaling in stem cel ...
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Journal ArticleProc Natl Acad Sci U S A · February 19, 2008
We present the fabrication of nanoscale electroactive thin films that can be engineered to undergo remotely controlled dissolution in the presence of a small applied voltage (+1.25 V) to release precise quantities of chemical agents. These films, which are ...
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Journal ArticleBioconjug Chem · February 2008
Before gene therapy can be used in clinical settings, safe and efficient DNA delivery systems must be developed to overcome a range of extra- and intracellular transport barriers. As a step toward the development of a modular, multifunctional gene delivery ...
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Journal ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 4, 2006
We present the fabrication of conformal, hydrolytically degradable thin films capable of administering sustained, multiagent release profiles. Films are constructed one molecular layer at a time by using the layer-by-layer, directed-deposition technique; t ...
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Journal ArticleLangmuir · February 15, 2005
The development of new thin film fabrication techniques that allow for precise control of degradation and drug release properties could represent an important advance in the fields of drug delivery and biomedicine. Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LBL) thin ...
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Journal ArticleEnvironmental Progress · October 1, 2004
The use of electronegative metals, such as Fe, has been extensively studied for the treatment of ground-water containing toxic chlorinated organics. Much of the recent work has been focused on the use of nanoscale particles with diameters from 2 to 100 nm. ...
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