Scholars@Duke
Thomas Greenfield Mitchell

Thomas Greenfield Mitchell

Associate Professor Emeritus in Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
tom.mitchell@duke.edu
268 CARL, Box 3054, Durham, NC 27710
268 CARL BX 3054, 213 Reserch Drive, Durham, NC 27710

Selected Publications

Microevolution of Serial Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and C. gattii.

Journal Article mBio · March 7, 2017 The pathogenic species of Cryptococcus are a major cause of mortality owing to severe infections in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent individuals. Although antifungal treatment is usually effective, many patients relapse after treatment, and in ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Comparative analyses of clinical and environmental populations of Cryptococcus neoformans in Botswana.

Journal Article Mol Ecol · July 2015 Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (Cng) is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, and its prevalence is highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Patients become infected by inhaling airborne spores or desiccated yeast cells from the environment, where the fun ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Next generation multilocus sequence typing (NGMLST) and the analytical software program MLSTEZ enable efficient, cost-effective, high-throughput, multilocus sequencing typing.

Journal Article Fungal Genet Biol · February 2015 Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has become the preferred method for genotyping many biological species, and it is especially useful for analyzing haploid eukaryotes. MLST is rigorous, reproducible, and informative, and MLST genotyping has been shown to i ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Multilocus sequence typing of serially collected isolates of Cryptococcus from HIV-infected patients in South Africa.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · June 2014 Patients with cryptococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa frequently relapse following treatment. The natural history and etiology of these recurrent episodes warrant investigation. Here, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to compare the molecular ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

The Cryptococcus neoformans transcriptome at the site of human meningitis.

Journal Article mBio · February 4, 2014 UNLABELLED: Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningitis worldwide. Previous studies have characterized the cryptococcal transcriptome under various stress conditions, but a comprehensive profile of the C. neoformans transcriptome in t ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

The Cryptococcus neoformans transcriptome at the site of human meningitis

Journal Article mBio · February 4, 2014 Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningitis worldwide. Previous studies have characterized the cryptococcal transcriptome under various stress conditions, but a comprehensive profile of the C. neoformans transcriptome in the human hos ... Full text Cite

Evaluation of a digital microfluidic real-time PCR platform to detect DNA of Candida albicans in blood.

Journal Article Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis · September 2012 Species of Candida frequently cause life-threatening infections in neonates, transplant and intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and others with compromised host defenses. The successful management of systemic candidiasis depends upon early, rapid diagnosis ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Variation in chromosome copy number influences the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans and occurs in isolates from AIDS patients.

Journal Article BMC Genomics · October 27, 2011 BACKGROUND: The adaptation of pathogenic fungi to the host environment via large-scale genomic changes is a poorly characterized phenomenon. Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in HIV/AIDS patients, and we recently di ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Evidence that the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii may have evolved in Africa.

Journal Article PLoS One · May 11, 2011 Most of the species of fungi that cause disease in mammals, including Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), are exogenous and non-contagious. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii is associated worldwide with avian and arboreal habitats. This air ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Analyses of pediatric isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from South Africa.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · January 2011 Featured Publication Compared to the incidence in adults, cryptococcosis is inexplicably rare among children, even in sub-Saharan Africa, which has the highest prevalence of coinfection with HIV and Cryptococcus neoformans. To explore any mycological basis for this age-related ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Microfluidic platform versus conventional real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory specimens.

Journal Article Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis · May 2010 Featured Publication Rapid, accurate diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae is compromised by low sensitivity of culture and serology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as a sensitive method to detect M. pneumoniae DNA in clinica ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Multiplexed real-time polymerase chain reaction on a digital microfluidic platform.

Journal Article Anal Chem · March 15, 2010 This paper details the development of a digital microfluidic platform for multiplexed real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Liquid samples in discrete droplet format are programmably manipulated upon an electrode array by the use of electrowetting. R ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Most environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) are not lethal for mice.

Journal Article Infect Immun · August 2009 Featured Publication Most cases of cryptococcosis are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), which is widespread in the environment, where it is primarily associated with pigeon excreta. A number of molecular epidemiological studies indicate that many envi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties.

Journal Article PLoS One · June 10, 2009 The Cryptococcus species complex contains two sibling taxa, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Both species are basidiomycetous yeasts and major pathogens of humans and other mammals. Genotyping methods have identified major haploid molecular ... Full text Link to item Cite

Molecular evidence that the range of the Vancouver Island outbreak of Cryptococcus gattii infection has expanded into the Pacific Northwest in the United States.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · April 1, 2009 Cryptococcus neoformans frequently causes fungal meningitis in immunocompromised patients, whereas the related species C. gattii is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions,where it usually infects immunocompetent individuals.An outbreak of C. gattii ... Full text Link to item Cite

Diploids in the Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A population homozygous for the alpha mating type originate via unisexual mating.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · January 2009 The ubiquitous environmental human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is traditionally considered a haploid fungus with a bipolar mating system. In nature, the alpha mating type is overwhelmingly predominant over a. How genetic diversity is generated and mai ... Full text Link to item Cite

Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.

Journal Article Med Mycol · 2009 This communication describes the consensus multi-locus typing scheme established by the Cryptococcal Working Group I (Genotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii) of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) using seven unlink ... Full text Link to item Cite

alpha AD alpha hybrids of Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence of same-sex mating in nature and hybrid fitness.

Journal Article PLoS Genet · October 2007 Cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous human fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in predominantly immunocompromised hosts. The fungus is typically haploid, and sexual reproduction involves two individuals with opposite mating types/sexes, alph ... Full text Link to item Cite

Many globally isolated AD hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans originated in Africa.

Journal Article PLoS Pathog · August 17, 2007 Featured Publication Interspecific and intervarietal hybridization may contribute to the biological diversity of fungal populations. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast and the most common fungal cause of meningitis in patients with AIDS. Most patients are infected w ... Full text Link to item Cite

Many globally isolated AD hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans originated in Africa

Journal Article PLoS Pathogens · August 1, 2007 Interspecific and intervarietal hybridization may contribute to the biological diversity of fungal populations. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast and the most common fungal cause of meningitis in patients with AIDS. Most patients are infected w ... Full text Cite

Virulence attributes and hyphal growth of C. neoformans are quantitative traits and the MATalpha allele enhances filamentation.

Journal Article PLoS Genet · November 17, 2006 Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal human pathogen with a bipolar mating system. It undergoes a dimorphic transition from a unicellular yeast to hyphal filamentous growth during mating and monokaryotic fruiting. The traditional sexual cycle that leads to t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Virulence attributes and hyphal growth of C. neoformans are quantitative traits and the MATα allele enhances filamentation

Journal Article PLoS Genetics · November 1, 2006 Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal human pathogen with a bipolar mating system. It undergoes a dimorphic transition from a unicellular yeast to hyphal filamentous growth during mating and monokaryotic fruiting. The traditional sexual cycle that leads to t ... Full text Cite

Multilocus sequence typing reveals three genetic subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), including a unique population in Botswana.

Journal Article Genetics · April 2006 Featured Publication We applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate the population structure and mode of reproduction of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A). This MLST system utilizes 12 unlinked polymorphic loci, which are dispersed on nine different ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interaction between genetic background and the mating-type locus in Cryptococcus neoformans virulence potential.

Journal Article Genetics · November 2005 The study of quantitative traits provides a window on the interactions between multiple unlinked genetic loci. The interaction between hosts and pathogenic microbes, such as fungi, involves aspects of quantitative genetics for both partners in this dynamic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Isolation of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from the flowers and bark of Eucalyptus trees in India.

Journal Article Med Mycol · September 2005 The association of Cryptococcus gattii with Eucalyptus trees has been well established. Here we report the isolation of both C. gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from the flowers and bark of Eucalyptus trees in India. We investigated a total o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prevalence of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Journal Article J Infect Dis · September 1, 2005 Cryptococcus gattii is a group of exogenous, neurotropic yeasts that possess the capsular serotype B or C. Isolates of serotype C are extremely rare and, until recently, were known to infect only immunocompetent individuals. We genotyped 176 isolates of Cr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cryptococcus neoformans {alpha} strains preferentially disseminate to the central nervous system during coinfection.

Journal Article Infect Immun · August 2005 Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that has evolved over the past 40 million years into three distinct varieties or sibling species (gattii, grubii, and neoformans). Each variety manifests differences in epidemiology and disease, and var. grubii ... Full text Link to item Cite

The genome of the basidiomycetous yeast and human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Science · February 25, 2005 Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycetous yeast ubiquitous in the environment, a model for fungal pathogenesis, and an opportunistic human pathogen of global importance. We have sequenced its approximately 20-megabase genome, which contains approximatel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Chromosomal translocation and segmental duplication in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Eukaryot Cell · February 2005 Large chromosomal events such as translocations and segmental duplications enable rapid adaptation to new environments. Here we marshal genomic, genetic, meiotic mapping, and physical evidence to demonstrate that a chromosomal translocation and segmental d ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparative analysis of environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · February 2005 Featured Publication Cryptococcus neoformans is a major, global cause of meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Despite advances in the molecular epidemiology of C. neoformans, its population structure and mode of reproduction are not well understood. In the enviro ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phylogeny and evolution of medical species of Candida and related taxa: a multigenic analysis.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · December 2004 Featured Publication Hemiascomycetes are species of yeasts within the order Saccharomycetales. The order encompasses disparate genera with a variety of life styles, including opportunistic human pathogens (e.g., Candida albicans), plant pathogens (e.g., Eremothecium gossypii), ... Full text Link to item Cite

A genetic linkage map of Cryptococcus neoformans variety neoformans serotype D (Filobasidiella neoformans).

Journal Article Genetics · June 2004 Featured Publication To construct a genetic linkage map of the heterothallic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella neoformans), we crossed two mating-compatible strains and analyzed 94 progeny for the segregation of 301 polymorphic markers, consisting of 228 restricti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evidence of sexual recombination among Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates in sub-Saharan Africa.

Journal Article Eukaryot Cell · December 2003 The most common cause of fungal meningitis in humans, Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A, is a basidiomycetous yeast with a bipolar mating system. However, the vast majority (>99.9%) of C. neoformans serotype A isolates possess only one of the two mating t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Status of medical mycology education.

Journal Article Med Mycol · December 2003 The number of immunocompromised patients and subsequent invasive fungal infections continues to rise. However, the education of future medical mycologists to engage this growing problem is diminishing. While there are an increasing number of publications a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparative gene genealogical analyses of strains of serotype AD identify recombination in populations of serotypes A and D in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Microbiology (Reading) · August 2003 Cryptococcus neoformans is a major pathogen of humans throughout the world. Using commercial monoclonal antibodies to capsular epitopes, strains of C. neoformans manifest five serotypes: A, B, C, D and AD. Previous studies demonstrated significant divergen ... Full text Link to item Cite

Geographical differences in human oral yeast flora.

Journal Article Clin Infect Dis · January 15, 2003 The oral yeast flora of healthy humans from eastern North America and China were sampled and compared. Chinese persons harbored a greater number and diversity of yeast species in the mouth. Furthermore, Candida albicans, which is the predominant commensal ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex PCR.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · August 2002 A multiplex PCR method was developed to identify simultaneously multiple fungal pathogens in a single reaction. Five sets of species-specific primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, ITS1 and ITS2, of the rRNA gene to ident ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multiple origins of hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with serotype AD.

Journal Article Microbiology (Reading) · January 2002 Cryptococcus neoformans is a major pathogen of humans throughout the world. Using commercial mAbs to capsular epitopes, strains of C. neoformans manifest five distinct serotypes--A, B, C, D and AD. Previous studies demonstrated significant divergence among ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dynamic and heterogeneous mutations to fluconazole resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · February 2001 Infections with the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans are often treated with fluconazole. Resistance to this antifungal agent has been reported. This study investigated the patterns of mutation to fluconazole resistance in C. n ... Full text Link to item Cite

Development and characterization of a genetic linkage map of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and other markers.

Journal Article Fungal Genet Biol · December 2000 A segregating population of single basidiospore isolates from a sexual cross was used to generate the first moderately dense genetic linkage map of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (Serotype D). Polymorphic DNA markers were developed using amplified ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multiple gene genealogies reveal recent dispersion and hybridization in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Mol Ecol · October 2000 Featured Publication Cryptococcus neoformans (= Filobasidiella neoformans) is a significant emerging fungal pathogen of humans. To understand the evolution of this pathogen, 34 strains were obtained from various locations around the world and fragments of four genes were seque ... Full text Link to item Cite

Overview of basic medical mycology.

Journal Article Otolaryngol Clin North Am · April 2000 To introduce the general mycologic aspects of fungal rhinosinusitis, this article reviews, in brief, the biology of fungi and the principles of fungal pathogenesis. A glossary of frequently used mycologic terms is provided. The basis of fungal classificati ... Full text Link to item Cite

Uniparental mitochondrial transmission in sexual crosses in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Curr Microbiol · April 2000 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the large ribosomal RNA region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was developed as a genetic marker for investigating mitochondrial transmission in sexual crosses of the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeas ... Full text Link to item Cite

Assessment of genetic relatedness of vaginal isolates of Candida albicans from different geographical origins.

Journal Article Int J Med Microbiol · March 2000 PCR fingerprinting with single non-specific primers was used to type vaginal isolates of C. albicans from Portugal, Angola, Madagascar, and two regions of Germany (Berlin and Munich). In addition to analysing isolates that exhibited the normal biotype of C ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clonal and spontaneous origins of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · March 2000 The genotypes and susceptibilities to fluconazole of 78 strains of the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans were compared. The strains comprised two sets of samples from Durham, N.C.: one from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV ... Full text Link to item Cite

[Genetic structure of geographically different populations of candida albicans].

Journal Article Mycoses · 2000 Codominant single-locus markers were developed by amplifying genomic DNA of C. albicans with pairs of random primers. Monomorphic PCR products were screened for polymorphisms by the SSCP technique. Sequencing confirmed that SSCP's were mostly due to single ... Link to item Cite

Molecular typing of pathogenic fungi.

Journal Article Med Mycol · 2000 In this Round Table, the application of several methods of molecular typing were discussed in reference to four important pathogenic fungi: Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Among the differen ... Link to item Cite

Species and genotypic diversities and similarities of pathogenic yeasts colonizing women.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · December 1999 We examined the patterns of strain relatedness among pathogenic yeasts from within and among groups of women to determine whether there were significant associations between genotype and host condition or body site. A total of 80 yeast strains were isolate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic structure of typical and atypical populations of Candida albicans from Africa.

Journal Article Fungal Genet Biol · November 1999 Atypical isolates of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans have been reported with increasing frequency. To investigate the origin of a set of atypical isolates and their relationship to typical isolates, we employed a combination of molecular phylogenetic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lack of genetic differentiation between two geographically diverse samples of Candida albicans isolated from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Journal Article J Bacteriol · February 1999 Featured Publication The patterns of genetic variation of samples of Candida albicans isolated from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Durham, N.C., and Vitória, Brazil, were compared. Genotypes for 126 strains were obtained at 16 polymorphic restriction si ... Full text Link to item Cite

PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses reveal both extensive clonality and local genetic differences in Candida albicans.

Journal Article Mol Ecol · January 1999 Using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to obtain genotypes for the diploid pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, we analysed 204 C. albicans isolates from three populations of the Duke University communit ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans is associated with quantitative differences in multiple virulence factors.

Journal Article Mycopathologia · 1999 Two isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans were previously described as being highly divergent in their level of capsule synthesis in vivo and in their virulence for mice. The highly virulent isolate (NU-2) produced more capsule than a weakly virulent isolate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Colony size can be used to determine the MIC of fluconazole for pathogenic yeasts.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · August 1998 This report describes a new statistical method for estimating the MIC of fluconazole for yeasts pathogenic to humans. This method is based on comparison of the colony sizes on solid media containing different concentrations of fluconazole. By this method, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of use of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics for identification of species of the anamorph genus Candida and related teleomorph yeast species.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · December 1997 A total of 49 type and neotype isolates and 32 clinical isolates of the anamorph genus Candida and related teleomorph genera were obtained from different culture collections and clinical laboratories. Isolates were subjected to two phenotypic methods of id ... Full text Link to item Cite

Induction of interleukin-6 mRNA in rat alveolar macrophages by in vitro exposure to both Cryptococcus neoformans and anti-C. neoformans antiserum

Journal Article Medical Mycology · December 1, 1997 Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were harvested and exposed in vitro to Cryptococcus neoformans to investigate the induction of inflammatory cytokines. AM in tissue culture wells were incubated with viable yeast cells of C. neoformans or the capsular po ... Full text Cite

Identification of pathogenic yeasts of the imperfect genus Candida by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting.

Journal Article Electrophoresis · August 1997 With the increase in the number of immunocompromised hosts, the number of fungal pathogens has increased markedly. Identification and classification, especially of yeast species and strains, is often difficult when based solely on phenotypic characteristic ... Full text Link to item Cite

History and Current Topics of Anterior Instrumentation Surgery in Scoliosis Correction

Journal Article 日本整形外科學會雜誌 = The Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association · March 25, 1997 Cite

Induction of interleukin-6 mRNA in rat alveolar macrophages by in vitro exposure to both Cryptococcus neoformans and anti-C. neoformans antiserum.

Journal Article J Med Vet Mycol · 1997 Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were harvested and exposed in vitro to Cryptococcus neoformans to investigate the induction of inflammatory cytokines. AM in tissue culture wells were incubated with viable yeast cells of C. neoformans or the capsular po ... Link to item Cite

Molecular markers reveal that population structure of the human pathogen Candida albicans exhibits both clonality and recombination.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · October 29, 1996 Featured Publication The life history of Candida albicans presents an enigma: this species is thought to be exclusively asexual, yet strains show extensive phenotypic variation. To address the population genetics of C. albicans, we developed a genetic typing method for codomin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Opening the doors: family presence during resuscitation.

Journal Article J Cardiovasc Nurs · July 1996 In most hospitals, family members are prohibited from being present during resuscitation because it is believed that they would be unable to cope with the crisis or that litigation might be fostered. This article challenges traditional thinking and propose ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rapid identification of Candida species by DNA fingerprinting with PCR.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · March 1996 DNA polymorphisms in different species and strains of the genus Candida were assessed by amplifying genomic DNA with single nonspecific primers. This PCR method employed an arbitrary primer (the 10-mer AP3), a primer derived from the intergenic spacer regi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS--100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Clin Microbiol Rev · October 1995 Featured Publication Although Cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcosis have existed for several millennia, a century has passed since the discovery of this encapsulated yeast and its devastating disease. With the advent of the AIDS pandemic, cryptococcal meningitis has emerg ... Full text Link to item Cite

Polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting in fungi using single primers specific to minisatellites and simple repetitive DNA sequences: strain variation in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Electrophoresis · September 1995 Minisatellites and simple repetitive DNA sequence motifs are used as conventional oligonucleotide probes in DNA-hybridization-based fingerprinting. The same oligonucleotides can be used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of genes coding for small-subunit rRNA sequences in studying phylogenetics of dematiaceous fungal pathogens.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · May 1995 Because of their ability to display yeast-like growth forms in various environmental conditions, dematiaceous (melanized) hyphomycetes of the form-genera Exophiala, Rhinocladiella, and Wangiella have been informally termed "black yeasts." Cladistic analysi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Unique oligonucleotide primers in PCR for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · January 1994 Featured Publication On the basis of a comparison of rRNA sequences coding the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S regions of Filobasidiella neoformans, the teleomorph of Cryptococcus neoformans, and members of its most closely related taxa, unique oligonucleotides were ... Full text Link to item Cite

Hybridization probes for conventional DNA fingerprinting used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction to distinguish strains of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · September 1993 In conventional DNA fingerprinting, hypervariable and repetitive sequences (minisatellite or microsatellite DNA) are detected with hybridization probes. As demonstrated here, these probes can be used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identification of clinical strains of Candida albicans by DNA fingerprinting with the polymerase chain reaction.

Journal Article Mycoses · 1993 DNA polymorphisms generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to differentiate clinical isolates of Candida. This PCR method employed single primers that were originally designed as hybridization probes for DNA fingerprinting experiments to ... Full text Link to item Cite

DNA- and PCR-fingerprinting in fungi.

Journal Article EXS · 1993 DNA-fingerprinting has been successfully used to detect hypervariable, repetitive DNA sequences (minisatellites and microsatellites) in fungi. Combined with methods used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), conventional DNA-fingerprinting h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences among the basidiomycetous yeast genera Cystofilobasidium, Filobasidium and Filobasidiella.

Journal Article J Med Vet Mycol · 1992 Nucleotide sequences obtained from regions of the ribosomal DNA repeat were compared by phylogenetic methods and combined with a statistical evaluation to clarify the relationships among the genera Cystofilobasidium, Filobasidium (F.) and Filobasidiella (F ... Link to item Cite

Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans strains by human neutrophils and monocytes.

Journal Article Infect Immun · January 1991 Featured Publication The susceptibility of various strains of Cryptococcus neoformans to killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes was investigated. Five previously characterized strains of C. neoformans serotype A, a capsule-free mutant, and six recen ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human natural killer cells do not inhibit growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in the absence of antibody.

Journal Article Infect Immun · March 1990 The interaction between human natural killer (NK) cells and yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated because experiments in mice indicated that NK cells inhibited the growth of C. neoformans. Strains of C. neoformans serotype A that differed ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phagocytosis and killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages in the absence of serum.

Journal Article J Leukoc Biol · December 1989 The in vitro interaction between yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans and Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AM phi) was studied in the absence of serum. AM phi were harvested by lung lavage, and monolayers of adherent cells were established in wells of mic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Strain variation in antiphagocytic activity of capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A.

Journal Article Infect Immun · December 1989 Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans vary in resistance to phagocytosis in vitro. The binding of isolated capsular polysaccharide (CPS) to a capsule-free mutant of C. neoformans confers resistance to phagocytosis. The importance of capsule composition to dif ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phagocytosis of cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages

Journal Article Medical Mycology · January 1, 1989 A radiolabeling method was developed to investigate the interaction in vitro between Cryptococcus neoformans and Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AMφ AMφ were harvested by lung lavage, monolayers of adherent cells were established in wells of microtiter pla ... Full text Cite

Killing of cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages

Journal Article Medical Mycology · January 1, 1989 The addition of [51Cr]-labeled yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans to monolayers of Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AMφ provided a sensitive and reproducible in vitro assay of phagocytosis. AMφ and yeast cells were incubated in 10% (v:v) normal rat seru ... Full text Cite

Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages.

Journal Article J Med Vet Mycol · 1989 The addition of [51Cr]-labeled yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans to monolayers of Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AM phi) provided a sensitive and reproducible in vitro assay of phagocytosis. AM phi and yeast cells were incubated in 10% (v:v) normal r ... Link to item Cite

Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages.

Journal Article J Med Vet Mycol · 1989 A radiolabeling method was developed to investigate the interaction in vitro between Cryptococcus neoformans and Lewis rat alveolar macrophages (AM phi). AM phi were harvested by lung lavage, monolayers of adherent cells were established in wells of microt ... Link to item Cite

Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen for treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis.

Journal Article Rev Infect Dis · 1988 The therapy of rhinocerebral mucormycosis includes aggressive surgical debridement, administration of high-dose amphotericin B, and control of underlying predisposing conditions, especially diabetes and immunosuppression or immunodeficiency. Hyperbaric oxy ... Full text Link to item Cite

Binding of purified and radioiodinated capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A strains to capsule-free mutants.

Journal Article Infect Immun · December 1986 Strains 6, 15, 98, 110, and 145 of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A vary in capsule size, animal virulence, and susceptibility to in vitro phagocytosis. The isolated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) differ in monosaccharide composition ratios and molecula ... Full text Link to item Cite

Strain variation in composition and molecular size of the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A.

Journal Article Infect Immun · December 1986 The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is an important virulence factor. In this investigation capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) were isolated by ethanol precipitation from culture filtrates of C. neoformans serotype A strains 6, 15, 98, 110, and 145. Capsul ... Full text Link to item Cite

INVIVO CHEMOTAXIS AND BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BLASTOMYCES-DERMATITIDIS CHEMOTAXIN

Journal Article ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE SERIES A-MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY INFECTIOUS DISEASES VIROLOGY PARASITOLOGY · July 1, 1986 Link to item Cite

Immunoblot analyses of Candida albicans-associated antigens and antibodies in human sera.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · January 1986 We tested 10 patient sera for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Candida albicans and for C. albicans antigens by immunoblot analysis (i.e., electrotransfer blot radioimmunoassay) (G. E. Smith and M. D. Summers, J. Virol. 39:125-137, 1981 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Blastomyces dermatitidis chemotactic factor: kinetics of production and biological characterization evaluated by a modified neutrophil chemotaxis assay.

Journal Article Infect Immun · October 1984 Chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was detectable in culture filtrates (CFs) of Blastomyces dermatitidis and may have influenced the pathogenesis of blastomycosis. Production of this chemotaxin depended upon culture age and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effects of culture filtrates of blastomyces dermatitidis on neutrophil locomotion

Journal Article Medical Mycology · January 1, 1984 A potent chemotactic activity for neutrophils is detectable in liquid culture filtrates of Blastomyces dermatitidis. The production of this activity is medium-dependent and culture age-dependent. The highest levels of cytotaxin were produced in filtrates o ... Full text Cite

Effects of culture filtrates of Blastomyces dermatitidis on neutrophil locomotion.

Journal Article Sabouraudia · 1984 A potent chemotactic activity for neutrophils is detectable in liquid culture filtrates of Blastomyces dermatitidis. The production of this activity is medium-dependent and culture age-dependent. The highest levels of cytotaxin were produced in filtrates o ... Link to item Cite

Urinary cobalt levels in patients with porous Austin-Moore prostheses.

Journal Article Clin Orthop Relat Res · June 1983 Austin-Moore prostheses with a porous surface have been used recently to improve stabilization in total joint arthroplasty. However, these prostheses expose tissue directly to greater metallic surface area than previous nonporous designs. Cobalt levels wer ... Link to item Cite

Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunoassay and a quantitative indirect fluorescent-antibody test with the conventional indirect fluorescent-antibody test for detecting antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii.

Journal Article J Clin Microbiol · August 1982 Two new methods for the detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a quantitative immunofluorescence assay, were evaluated and compared with the conventional indirect fluorescent-antibody slide test. Each of 100 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human platelets labeled with In-111 8-hydroxyquinoline: kinetics, distribution, and estimates of radiation dose.

Journal Article Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · February 1982 Platelets from nine normal male subjects were labeled with In-111 8-hydroxyquinoline (In-111 oxine) in the presence of plasma in either "closed" blood transfer packs or in "open" test tubes. The mean labeling efficiencies in these two systems were 27 and 5 ... Cite

Analysis of cytoplasmic antigens of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans by two-dimensional electrophoresis.

Journal Article Infect Immun · November 1980 The extent of the macromolecular change accompanying yeast to mycelium morphogenesis of Candida albicans was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the cytoplasmic proteins of the two growth forms after antibody cross-absorption experiments. Pu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Morphogenesis of Candida albicans and cytoplasmic proteins associated with differences in morphology, strain, or temperature.

Journal Article J Bacteriol · October 1980 The extent of change in cytoplasmic proteins which accompanies yeast-to-mycelium morphogenesis of Candida albicans was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Pure cultures of yeasts and true hyphae (i.e., without concomitant production of pseudoh ... Full text Link to item Cite

Strain variation and morphogenesis of yeast- and mycelial-phase Candida albicans in low-sulfate, synthetic medium.

Journal Article J Bacteriol · May 1980 A low-sulfate synthetic medium was developed in which pure cultures of yeast- and mycelial-phase Candida albicans could be cultivated for investigations of the molecular biology of dimorphism. The medium contained ammonium ions, phosphate buffer, salts, gl ... Full text Link to item Cite

A simple method to measure mesenteric arteriovenous shunt flow during arteriography.

Journal Article Investigative radiology · 1978 A quantitative method for external detection of mesenteric arteriovenous shunts was developed. 99mTc-Human Serum Albumin Microspheres (15--30 microns) were injected into the superior mesenteric artery of dogs through an angiographic catheter, followed by e ... Cite

Evaluation of a cytocentrifuge method for measuring neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis.

Journal Article J Lab Clin Med · October 1975 An in vitro method for the assessment of neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis employing a cytocentrifuge has been evaluated. The cytocentrifuge is used to directly sediment leukocytes on a Millipore filter, and thus (1) eliminates errors due to abnormal or un ... Link to item Cite

[Global and sectorized estimation of ocular blood flow in dogs by labelled microsphere method: relation to intraocular pressure]

Journal Article Bulletins et mémoires de la Société française d'ophtalmologie, FR · 1973 Cite

In vitro phagocytosis and intracellular fate of variously encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Journal Article Infect Immun · April 1972 Five isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans type A with stable capsular thicknesses were used. Three of the isolates had capsules of medium size, one had a minimal capsule, and the other, a large capsule. Peritoneal exudate cells from Lewis rats were cultured ... Full text Link to item Cite

Thyroid ablation in young mice--a technique combining surgery and iodine-131.

Journal Article The International journal of applied radiation and isotopes · April 1971 Cite