Scholars@Duke
Xinnian Dong

Xinnian Dong

Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor of Biology
Biology
xdong@duke.edu
Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708-1000
4213 French Family Science Center, Durham, NC 27708

Selected Publications

Next-generation mapping of the salicylic acid signaling hub and transcriptional cascade.

Journal Article Molecular plant · October 2024 For over 60 years, salicylic acid (SA) has been known as a plant immune signal required for basal and systemic acquired resistance. SA activates these immune responses by reprogramming ∼20% of the transcriptome through NPR1. However, components in the NPR1 ... Full text Cite

H2O2 sulfenylates CHE, linking local infection to the establishment of systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · September 2024 In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For many years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating ... Full text Cite

m6A modification plays an integral role in mRNA stability and translation during pattern-triggered immunity.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · August 2024 Plants employ distinct mechanisms to respond to environmental changes. Modification of mRNA by N 6-methyladenosine (m6A), known to affect the fate of mRNA, may be one such mechanism to reprogram mRNA processing and translatabil ... Full text Cite

Salicylic acid in plant immunity and beyond.

Journal Article The Plant cell · May 2024 As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defence hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies o ... Full text Cite

Next-generation mapping of the salicylic acid signaling hub and transcriptional cascade.

Journal Article bioRxiv · January 4, 2024 For over 60 years, salicylic acid (SA) has been known as a plant immune signal required for both basal and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SA activates these immune responses by reprogramming up to 20% of the transcriptome through the function of NPR1. ... Full text Link to item Cite

NPR1, a key immune regulator for plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses.

Journal Article Molecular cell · January 2024 Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was discovered in Arabidopsis as an activator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses nearly 30 years ago. How NPR1 confers resistance against a variety of pathogens and stresses has been extensi ... Full text Cite

Pervasive downstream RNA hairpins dynamically dictate start-codon selection.

Journal Article Nature · September 2023 Translational reprogramming allows organisms to adapt to changing conditions. Upstream start codons (uAUGs), which are prevalently present in mRNAs, have crucial roles in regulating translation by providing alternative translation start sites1-4 ... Full text Cite

H2O2 sulfenylates CHE linking local infection to establishment of systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article bioRxiv · August 1, 2023 In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For 30 years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating S ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Seeing is believing: Understanding functions of NPR1 and its paralogs in plant immunity through cellular and structural analyses.

Journal Article Curr Opin Plant Biol · June 2023 In the past 30 years, our knowledge of how nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) serves as a master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses in plants has been informed largely by molecular genetic studies. Despite extensive ... Full text Link to item Cite

Global translational induction during NLR-mediated immunity in plants is dynamically regulated by CDC123, an ATP-sensitive protein.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · March 2023 The recognition of pathogen effectors by their cognate nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors activates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants. ETI is associated with correlated transcriptional and translational reprogramming and subse ... Full text Cite

Sustaining plant immunity in rising temperature.

Journal Article Cell research · December 2022 Full text Cite

PABP/purine-rich motif as an initiation module for cap-independent translation in pattern-triggered immunity.

Journal Article Cell · August 2022 Upon stress, eukaryotes typically reprogram their translatome through GCN2-mediated phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF2α, to inhibit general translation initiation while selectively translating essential stress regulators. ... Full text Cite

Structural basis of NPR1 in activating plant immunity.

Journal Article Nature · May 2022 NPR1 is a master regulator of the defence transcriptome induced by the plant immune signal salicylic acid1-4. Despite the important role of NPR1 in plant immunity5-7, understanding of its regulatory mechanisms has been hindered by a l ... Full text Cite

Life-or-death decisions in plant immunity.

Journal Article Current opinion in immunology · April 2022 Upon pathogen challenge, plant cells can mount defense not only by triggering programmed cell death (PCD) to limit pathogen growth, but also by secreting immune signals to activate subsequent organism-scale defense responses. Recent advances in the study o ... Full text Cite

Protective plant immune responses are elicited by bacterial outer membrane vesicles.

Journal Article Cell Rep · January 19, 2021 Featured Publication Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) perform a variety of functions in bacterial survival and virulence. In mammalian systems, OMVs activate immune responses and are exploited as vaccines. However, little work has focused on the interactions of OMVs wi ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Structural basis of salicylic acid perception by Arabidopsis NPR proteins.

Journal Article Nature · October 2020 Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that is critical for resistance to pathogens1-3. The NPR proteins have previously been identified as SA receptors4-10, although how they perceive SA and coordinate hormonal signalling remain unkn ... Full text Cite

Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View.

Journal Article Molecular plant · October 2020 After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ... Full text Cite

Formation of NPR1 Condensates Promotes Cell Survival during the Plant Immune Response.

Journal Article Cell · September 2020 In plants, pathogen effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often leads to programmed cell death, which is restricted by NPR1, an activator of systemic acquired resistance. However, the biochemical activities of NPR1 enabling it to promote defense and restrict c ... Full text Cite

Translational Regulation of Metabolic Dynamics during Effector-Triggered Immunity.

Journal Article Molecular plant · January 2020 Recent studies have shown that global translational reprogramming is an early activation event in pattern-triggered immunity, when plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. However, it is not fully known whether translational regulation also ... Full text Cite

Comprehensive mapping of abiotic stress inputs into the soybean circadian clock.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · November 2019 The plant circadian clock evolved to increase fitness by synchronizing physiological processes with environmental oscillations. Crop fitness was artificially selected through domestication and breeding, and the circadian clock was identified by both natura ... Full text Cite

Bacterial vesicles: Double agents for plant defense

Conference MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS · October 1, 2019 Link to item Cite

Quantification of the humidity effect on HR by Ion leakage assay.

Journal Article Bio-protocol · April 2019 We describe a protocol to measure the contribution of humidity on cell death during the effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the plant immune response triggered by the recognition of pathogen effectors by plant resistance genes. This protocol quantifies tiss ... Full text Open Access Cite

Daily humidity oscillation regulates the circadian clock to influence plant physiology.

Journal Article Nature communications · October 2018 Early circadian studies in plants by de Mairan and de Candolle alluded to a regulation of circadian clocks by humidity. However, this regulation has not been described in detail, nor has its influence on physiology been demonstrated. Here we report that, u ... Full text Cite

To grow and to defend.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · September 2018 Full text Cite

Redox and the circadian clock in plant immunity: A balancing act.

Journal Article Free radical biology & medicine · May 2018 Plants' reliance on sunlight for energy makes their light-driven circadian clock a critical regulator in balancing the energy needs for vital activities such as growth and defense. Recent studies show that the circadian clock acts as a strategic planner to ... Full text Cite

Post-translational regulation of plant immunity.

Journal Article Current opinion in plant biology · August 2017 Plants have evolved multi-layered molecular defense strategies to protect against pathogens. Plant immune signaling largely relies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) to induce rapid alterations of signaling pathways to achieve a response that is ap ... Full text Open Access Cite

Membrane Trafficking in Plant Immunity.

Journal Article Molecular plant · August 2017 Plants employ sophisticated mechanisms to interact with pathogenic as well as beneficial microbes. Of those, membrane trafficking is key in establishing a rapid and precise response. Upon interaction with pathogenic microbes, surface-localized immune recep ... Full text Open Access Cite

uORF-mediated translation allows engineered plant disease resistance without fitness costs.

Journal Article Nature · May 2017 Controlling plant disease has been a struggle for humankind since the advent of agriculture. Studies of plant immune mechanisms have led to strategies of engineering resistant crops through ectopic transcription of plants' own defence genes, such as the ma ... Full text Cite

Global translational reprogramming is a fundamental layer of immune regulation in plants.

Journal Article Nature · May 2017 In the absence of specialized immune cells, the need for plants to reprogram transcription to transition from growth-related activities to defence is well understood. However, little is known about translational changes that occur during immune induction. ... Full text Open Access Cite

The CAT(2) Comes Back.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · February 2017 Genetic and biochemical evidence supporting CATALASE2 as a salicylic acid (SA) receptor has finally emerged. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Yuan et al. (2017) show that SA binds to CATALASE2 to inhibit auxin and jasmonic acid biosynthetic enzymes as ... Full text Cite

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Modification Serves as a Primary Plasmodesmal Sorting Signal.

Journal Article Plant physiology · October 2016 Plasmodesmata (Pd) are membranous channels that serve as a major conduit for cell-to-cell communication in plants. The Pd-associated β-1,3-glucanase (BG_pap) and CALLOSE BINDING PROTEIN1 (PDCB1) were identified as key regulators of Pd conductivity. Both ar ... Full text Cite

Salicylic acid receptors activate jasmonic acid signalling through a non-canonical pathway to promote effector-triggered immunity.

Journal Article Nature communications · October 2016 It is an apparent conundrum how plants evolved effector-triggered immunity (ETI), involving programmed cell death (PCD), as a major defence mechanism against biotrophic pathogens, because ETI-associated PCD could leave them vulnerable to necrotrophic patho ... Full text Open Access Cite

Nuclear Pore Permeabilization Is a Convergent Signaling Event in Effector-Triggered Immunity.

Journal Article Cell · September 2016 Nuclear transport of immune receptors, signal transducers, and transcription factors is an essential regulatory mechanism for immune activation. Whether and how this process is regulated at the level of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) remains unclear. Here, ... Full text Cite

Cell-Cycle Regulators and Cell Death in Immunity.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · October 2015 Various cell death mechanisms are integral to host defense in both plants and mammals. Plant defense against biotrophic pathogens is associated with programmed cell death (PCD) of the infected cell. This effector-triggered PCD is partly analogous to pyropt ... Full text Cite

Posttranslational Modifications of the Master Transcriptional Regulator NPR1 Enable Dynamic but Tight Control of Plant Immune Responses.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · August 2015 NPR1, a master regulator of basal and systemic acquired resistance in plants, confers immunity through a transcriptional cascade, which includes transcription activators (e.g., TGA3) and repressors (e.g., WRKY70), leading to the massive induction of antimi ... Full text Cite

Spatial and temporal regulation of biosynthesis of the plant immune signal salicylic acid.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 2015 The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is essential for local defense and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). When plants, such as Arabidopsis, are challenged by different pathogens, an increase in SA biosynthesis generally occurs through transcriptional in ... Full text Cite

Stromules: Signal Conduits for Plant Immunity.

Journal Article Developmental cell · July 2015 The chloroplast is a primary site for the production of immune signals in plants. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Caplan et al. (2015) report that chloroplasts send out stromules as signal conduits for transmission of these immune signals to the nucle ... Full text Cite

Salicylic acid biosynthesis is enhanced and contributes to increased biotrophic pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis hybrids.

Journal Article Nature communications · June 2015 Heterosis, the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its parents, has been demonstrated for many traits in Arabidopsis thaliana, but its effect on defence remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that hybrids between some A. thaliana accessions show inc ... Full text Open Access Cite

Apoplastic peroxidases are required for salicylic acid-mediated defense against Pseudomonas syringae.

Journal Article Phytochemistry · April 2015 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases or apoplastic peroxidases play an important role in the plant defense response. Diminished expression of at least two Arabidopsis thaliana peroxidase encoding genes, PRX33 (At3g49110) and PRX34 (At3 ... Full text Cite

A noncanonical role for the CKI-RB-E2F cell-cycle signaling pathway in plant effector-triggered immunity.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · December 2014 Effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the major host defense mechanism in plants, is often associated with programmed cell death (PCD). Plants lack close homologs of caspases, the key mediators of PCD in animals. So although the NB-LRR receptors involved in E ... Full text Cite

Perception of the plant immune signal salicylic acid.

Journal Article Current opinion in plant biology · August 2014 Salicylic acid (SA) plays a central role in plant innate immunity. The diverse functions of this simple phenolic compound suggest that plants may have multiple SA receptors. Several SA-binding proteins have been identified using biochemical approaches. How ... Full text Cite

Functional characterization of a Nudix hydrolase AtNUDX8 upon pathogen attack indicates a positive role in plant immune responses.

Journal Article PloS one · January 2014 Nudix hydrolases comprise a large gene family of twenty nine members in Arabidopsis, each containing a conserved motif capable of hydrolyzing specific substrates like ADP-glucose and NADH. Until now only two members of this family, AtNUDX6 and AtNUDX7, hav ... Full text Cite

Salicylic acid activates DNA damage responses to potentiate plant immunity.

Journal Article Molecular cell · November 2013 DNA damage is normally detrimental to living organisms. Here we show that it can also serve as a signal to promote immune responses in plants. We found that the plant immune hormone salicylic acid (SA) can trigger DNA damage in the absence of a genotoxic a ... Full text Cite

Over-expression of the citrus gene CtNH1 confers resistance to bacterial canker disease

Journal Article Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology · October 1, 2013 Citrus canker is a devastating disease, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). It is well established that the NPR1 gene plays a pivotal role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis. In this study, we report the isolation and charac ... Full text Cite

Systemic acquired resistance: turning local infection into global defense.

Journal Article Annual review of plant biology · January 2013 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced immune mechanism in plants. Unlike vertebrate adaptive immunity, SAR is broad spectrum, with no specificity to the initial infection. An avirulent pathogen causing local programmed cell death can induce SAR ... Full text Cite

Coronatine promotes Pseudomonas syringae virulence in plants by activating a signaling cascade that inhibits salicylic acid accumulation.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · June 2012 Phytopathogens can manipulate plant hormone signaling to access nutrients and counteract defense responses. Pseudomonas syringae produces coronatine, a toxin that mimics the plant hormone jasmonic acid isoleucine and promotes opening of stomata for bacteri ... Full text Cite

NPR3 and NPR4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants.

Journal Article Nature · May 2012 Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant immune signal produced after pathogen challenge to induce systemic acquired resistance. It is the only major plant hormone for which the receptor has not been firmly identified. Systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis req ... Full text Cite

IRE1/bZIP60-mediated unfolded protein response plays distinct roles in plant immunity and abiotic stress responses.

Journal Article PloS one · February 2012 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated protein secretion and quality control have been shown to play an important role in immune responses in both animals and plants. In mammals, the ER membrane-located IRE1 kinase/endoribonuclease, a key regulator of unfolde ... Full text Cite

The HSF-like transcription factor TBF1 is a major molecular switch for plant growth-to-defense transition.

Journal Article Current biology : CB · January 2012 BackgroundInduction of plant immune responses involves significant transcription reprogramming that prioritizes defense over growth-related cellular functions. Despite intensive forward genetic screens and genome-wide expression-profiling studies, ... Full text Cite

How do plants achieve immunity? Defence without specialized immune cells.

Journal Article Nature reviews. Immunology · January 2012 Vertebrates have evolved a sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on an almost infinite diversity of antigen receptors that are clonally expressed by specialized immune cells that roam the circulatory system. These immune cells provide vertebrate ... Full text Cite

Stability of plant immune-receptor resistance proteins is controlled by SKP1-CULLIN1-F-box (SCF)-mediated protein degradation.

Journal Article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · August 2011 The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeats containing proteins (NLRs) serve as immune receptors in both plants and animals. Overaccumulation of NLRs often leads to autoimmune responses, suggesting that the levels of these immune receptors must ... Cite

A highway for war and peace: the secretory pathway in plant-microbe interactions.

Journal Article Molecular plant · July 2011 Secretion of proteins and other molecules is the primary means by which a cell interacts with its surroundings. The overall organization of the secretory system is remarkably conserved among eukaryotes, and many of the components have been investigated in ... Full text Cite

Timing of plant immune responses by a central circadian regulator.

Journal Article Nature · February 2011 The principal immune mechanism against biotrophic pathogens in plants is the resistance (R)-gene-mediated defence. It was proposed to share components with the broad-spectrum basal defence machinery. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely u ... Full text Cite

DNA repair proteins are directly involved in regulation of gene expression during plant immune response.

Journal Article Cell host & microbe · February 2011 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible plant-defense response to local infection, requires the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) and the transcriptional coactivator NPR1, with concerted activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Arabidop ... Full text Cite

Arabidopsis lox3 lox4 double mutants are male sterile and defective in global proliferative arrest.

Journal Article Plant molecular biology · January 2011 Fertility and flower development are both controlled in part by jasmonates, fatty acid-derived mediators produced via the activity of 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOXs). The Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 reference genome is predicted to encode four of these enzy ... Full text Cite

Arabidopsis BRCA2 and RAD51 proteins are specifically involved in defense gene transcription during plant immune responses.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · December 2010 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant immune response associated with both transcriptional reprogramming and increased homologous DNA recombination (HR). SNI1 is a negative regulator of SAR and HR, as indicated by the increased basal expression of ... Full text Cite

Receptor quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum for plant innate immunity.

Journal Article The EMBO journal · November 2009 Pattern recognition receptors in eukaryotes initiate defence responses on detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns shared by many microbe species. The Leu-rich repeat receptor-like kinases FLS2 and EFR recognize the bacterial epitopes flg22 and e ... Full text Cite

A kiss of death--proteasome-mediated membrane fusion and programmed cell death in plant defense against bacterial infection.

Journal Article Genes & development · November 2009 Eukaryotes have evolved various means for controlled and organized cellular destruction, known as programmed cell death (PCD). In plants, PCD is a crucial regulatory mechanism in multiple physiological processes, including terminal differentiation, senesce ... Full text Cite

Battle for survival: plants and their allies and enemies.

Journal Article Current opinion in plant biology · August 2009 Full text Cite

Proteasome-mediated turnover of the transcription coactivator NPR1 plays dual roles in regulating plant immunity.

Journal Article Cell · May 2009 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a broad-spectrum plant immune response involving profound transcriptional changes that are regulated by the coactivator NPR1. Nuclear translocation of NPR1 is a critical regulatory step, but how the protein is regulate ... Full text Cite

Plant Immunity Requires Conformational Changes of NPR1 via S-Nitrosylation and Thioredoxins

Journal Article Science · 2008 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1156970?ijkey=/8he5p3s6CA6g&keytype=ref&siteid=sci ... Link to item Cite

Making sense of hormone crosstalk during plant

Journal Article Cell Host & Microbe · 2008 Cite

Regulation of tradeoffs between plant defenses against pathogens with different lifestyles.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · November 2007 Plants activate distinct defense responses depending on the lifestyle of the attacker encountered. In these responses, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important signaling roles. SA induces defense against biotrophic pathogens that feed and ... Cite

Overexpression of Arabidopsis MAP kinase kinase 7 leads to activation of plant basal and systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article Plant J · October 2007 There is a growing body of evidence indicating that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in plant defense responses. Analysis of the completed Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence has revealed the existence of 20 MAPKs, 10 MAPKKs a ... Cite

Salicylic acid inhibits pathogen growth in plants through repression of the auxin signaling pathway.

Journal Article Current biology : CB · October 2007 The phytohormone auxin regulates almost every aspect of plant development. At the molecular level, auxin induces gene expression through direct physical interaction with the TIR1-like F box proteins, which in turn remove the Aux/IAA family of transcription ... Full text Cite

The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus can complete its sexual cycle during a pathogenic association with plants.

Journal Article Cell Host Microbe · June 14, 2007 Cryptococcus is a globally distributed human fungal pathogen that primarily afflicts immunocompromised individuals. How and why this human fungal pathogen associates with plants and how this environmental niche influences its life cycle remains a mystery. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Genetic interactions of TGA transcription factors in the regulation of pathogenesis-related genes and disease resistance in Arabidopsis.

Journal Article Plant physiology · May 2007 TGA transcription factors are implicated as regulators of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes because of their physical interaction with the known positive regulator, nonexpresser of PR gene1 (NPR1). A triple-knockout mutant tga2-1 tga5-1 tga6-1 was shown prev ... Full text Cite

Arabidopsis SNI1 and RAD51D regulate both gene transcription and DNA recombination during the defense response.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · March 2007 The plant immune response known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a general defense mechanism that confers long-lasting resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. SAR triggers many molecular changes including accumulation of antimicrobial pat ... Full text Cite

A genomic approach to identify regulatory nodes in the transcriptional network of systemic acquired resistance in plants.

Journal Article PLoS pathogens · November 2006 Many biological processes are controlled by intricate networks of transcriptional regulators. With the development of microarray technology, transcriptional changes can be examined at the whole-genome level. However, such analysis often lacks information o ... Full text Cite

A genomic approach to identify regulatory nodes in the transcriptional network of systemic acquired resistance in plants.

Journal Article PLoS pathogens · November 1, 2006 Many biological processes are controlled by intricate networks of transcriptional regulators. With the development of microarray technology, transcriptional changes can be examined at the whole-genome level. However, such analysis often lacks information o ... Full text Cite

A comprehensive structure-function analysis of Arabidopsis SNI1 defines essential regions and transcriptional repressor activity.

Journal Article The Plant cell · July 2006 The expression of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants involves the upregulation of many Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes, which work in concert to confer resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens. Because SAR is a costly process, SAR-associated t ... Full text Cite

Fitness benefits of systemic acquired resistance during Hyaloperonospora parasitica infection in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Journal Article Genetics · July 2006 We investigated the fitness benefits of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana using a mutational and transformational genetic approach. Genetic lines were designed to differ in the genes determining resistance signaling in a common gen ... Full text Cite

Induction of protein secretory pathway is required for systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article Science (New York, N.Y.) · May 2005 In plants, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is established as a result of NPR1-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Using gene expression profiling in Arabidopsis, we found that in addition to controlling the expression of PR genes, N ... Full text Cite

Fitness costs of mutations affecting the systemic acquired resistance pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Journal Article Genetics · December 2004 This study investigated the fitness effects of four mutations (npr1, cpr1, cpr5, and cpr6) and two transgenic genotypes (NPR1-L and NPR1-H) affecting different points of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signaling pathway associated with pathogen defe ... Full text Cite

NPR1, all things considered.

Journal Article Current opinion in plant biology · October 2004 Recent work has shown that the Arabidopsis NPR1 protein not only plays an essential role in salicylic acid (SA)-mediated systemic acquired resistance and rhizobacterium-triggered induced systemic resistance, but also is involved in crosstalk inhibition of ... Full text Cite

Pathogen-induced systemic DNA rearrangement in plants.

Journal Article Trends in plant science · February 2004 Infection of tobacco plants with tobacco mosaic virus and oilseed rape mosaic virus was shown to induce a threefold increase in homologous DNA recombination in non-infected tissues. Grafting experiments by Igor Kovalchuk et al. demonstrated that this incre ... Full text Cite

The role of membrane-bound ankyrin-repeat protein ACD6 in programmed cell death and plant defense.

Journal Article Science's STKE : signal transduction knowledge environment · February 2004 Programmed cell death (PCD) is a common defense response in plants against pathogen infection. The recently cloned ACD6 gene was identified in an Arabidopsis mutant, accelerated cell death 6 (acd6), that undergoes PCD in the absence of a pathogen challenge ... Full text Cite

Systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article Annual review of phytopathology · January 2004 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-r ... Full text Cite

Inducers of plant systemic acquired resistance regulate NPR1 function through redox changes.

Journal Article Cell · June 2003 NPR1 is an essential regulator of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers immunity to a broad-spectrum of pathogens. SAR induction results in accumulation of the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), which induces defense gene expression via ... Full text Cite

NPR1 modulates cross-talk between salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways through a novel function in the cytosol.

Journal Article The Plant cell · March 2003 Plant defenses against pathogens and insects are regulated differentially by cross-communicating signal transduction pathways in which salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play key roles. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the ... Full text Cite

In vivo interaction between NPR1 and transcription factor TGA2 leads to salicylic acid-mediated gene activation in Arabidopsis.

Journal Article The Plant cell · June 2002 The Arabidopsis NPR1 protein is a key regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated gene expression in systemic acquired resistance. Based on yeast two-hybrid analysis, NPR1 has been suggested to interact with members of the TGA family of transcription factors ... Full text Cite

In Vivo Interaction between NPR1 and transcription

Journal Article Plant Cell · 2002 Cite

Activation of an EDS1-mediated R-gene pathway in the snc1 mutant leads to constitutive, NPR1-independent pathogen resistance.

Journal Article Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI · October 2001 The Arabidopsis NPR1 protein is an essential regulatory component of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Mutations in the NPR1 gene completely block the induction of SAR by signals such as salicylic acid (SA). An Arabidopsis mutant, snc1 (suppressor of npr ... Full text Cite

Genetic dissection of systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article Current opinion in plant biology · August 2001 Significant progress has been made in the past year in understanding the mechanism of systemic acquired resistance. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades have been implicated as negative regulators of salicyclic acid accumulation and the induction of r ... Full text Cite

Evidence for a disease-resistance pathway in rice similar to the NPR1-mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.

Journal Article The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · July 2001 The Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 gene is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Over-expression of NPR1 leads to enhanced resistance in Arabidopsis. To investigate the role of NPR1 in monocots, we over-expressed the Arabidopsis NPR1 in rice and ch ... Full text Cite

Constitutive salicylic acid-dependent signaling in cpr1 and cpr6 mutants requires PAD4.

Journal Article The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · May 2001 Salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling controls activation of a set of plant defense mechanisms that are important for resistance to a variety of microbial pathogens. Many Arabidopsis mutants that display altered SA-dependent signaling have been isolated. ... Full text Cite

Constitutive disease resistance requires EDS1 in the Arabidopsis mutants cpr1 and cpr6 and is partially EDS1-dependent in cpr5.

Journal Article The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · May 2001 The systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response in Arabidopsis is characterized by the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and enhanced resistance to virulent bacterial and oomycete pathogens. The cpr (co ... Full text Cite

Regulation of systemic acquired resistance by NPR1 and its partners.

Journal Article Novartis Foundation symposium · January 2001 The NPR1 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana has been shown to be an important regulatory component of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Mutations in the NPR1 gene block the induction of SAR by the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA). NPR1 contains an ankyri ... Full text Cite

Functional conservation of plant secondary metabolic enzymes revealed by complementation of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants with maize genes

Journal Article Plant Physiology · 2001 Mutations in the transparent testa (tt) loci abolish pigment production in Arabidopsis seed coats. The TT4, TT5, and TT3 loci encode chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, respectively, which are essential for anthocyanin a ... Full text Cite

Nuclear localization of NPR1 is required for activation of PR gene expression.

Journal Article The Plant cell · December 2000 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a broad-spectrum resistance in plants that involves the upregulation of a battery of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. NPR1 is a key regulator in the signal transduction pathway that leads to SAR. Mutations in NPR1 resu ... Full text Cite

Roles of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene in cpr-induced resistance in arabidopsis.

Journal Article The Plant cell · November 2000 Disease resistance in Arabidopsis is regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways in which salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) function as key signaling molecules. Epistasis analyses were performed between mutants that disrupt ... Full text Cite

Systemic acquired resistance is controlled by both positive and negative regulators

Conference BIOLOGY OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, VOL 2 · January 1, 2000 Link to item Cite

Interaction of NPR1 with basic leucine zipper protein transcription factors that bind sequences required for salicylic acid induction of the PR-1 gene.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · May 1999 The Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 has been shown to be a key regulator of gene expression during the onset of a plant disease-resistance response known as systemic acquired resistance. The npr1 mutant plants fail to respond to systemic acquired resistance-indu ... Full text Cite

SA, JA, ethylene, and disease resistance in plants.

Journal Article Current opinion in plant biology · August 1998 Exciting advances have been made during the past year: isolating mutants affecting plant disease resistance, cloning genes involved in the regulation of various defense responses, and characterizing novel defense signaling pathways. Recent studies have dem ... Full text Cite

Generation of broad-spectrum disease resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · May 1998 The recently cloned NPR1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is a key regulator of acquired resistance responses. Upon induction, NPR1 expression is elevated and the NPR1 protein is activated, in turn inducing expression of a battery of downstream pathogenesis-re ... Full text Cite

The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene that controls systemic acquired resistance encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin repeats.

Journal Article Cell · January 1997 The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene controls the onset of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant immunity, to a broad spectrum of pathogens that is normally established after a primary exposure to avirulent pathogens. Mutants with defects in NPR1 fail to respon ... Full text Cite

Finding the missing pieces in the puzzle of plant disease resistance.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · August 1995 Full text Cite

GENETIC DISSECTION OF THE SAR SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY(S) IN ARABIDOPSIS

Conference JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY · March 10, 1995 Link to item Cite

A mutation in Arabidopsis that leads to constitutive expression of systemic acquired resistance.

Journal Article The Plant cell · December 1994 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a nonspecific defense response in plants that is associated with an increase in the endogenous level of salicylic acid (SA) and elevated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. To identify mutants involved in th ... Full text Cite

Characterization of an Arabidopsis Mutant That Is Nonresponsive to Inducers of Systemic Acquired Resistance.

Journal Article The Plant cell · November 1994 Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a general defense response in plants that is characterized by the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. SAR can be induced after a hypersensitive response to an avirulent pathogen or by treatment with either s ... Full text Cite

An Arabidopsis thaliana lipoxygenase gene can be induced by pathogens, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate.

Journal Article Plant physiology · February 1993 We isolated and characterized a 2.8-kb, full-length, Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clone encoding a lipoxygenase. DNA sequence analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the Arabidopsis protein is 72 to 78% similar to that of legume seed lipoxygen ... Full text Cite

Differential induction of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by wounding and pathogenic attack.

Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · October 1991 We have isolated cDNAs from two distinct genes encoding 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Predicted protein sequences from both genes, DHS1 and DHS2, and a potato DAHP synthase gene are highl ... Full text Cite

Induction of Arabidopsis defense genes by virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains and by a cloned avirulence gene.

Journal Article The Plant cell · January 1991 We developed a model system to study the signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in the defense against pathogen attack. Here we describe the identification and characterization of virulent and avirulen ... Full text Cite

DNA bending near the replication origin of IncFII plasmid NR1.

Journal Article Journal of bacteriology · February 1989 The DNA replication origin of plasmid NR1 is located approximately 190 base pairs downstream from the 3' end of the repA1 gene, which encodes the essential initiation protein for replication of the plasmid. Restriction endonuclease fragments that contain t ... Full text Cite

In-vivo studies on the cis-acting replication initiator protein of IncFII plasmid NR1.

Journal Article Journal of molecular biology · August 1988 Using segment-directed mutagenesis, a temperature-sensitive mutant of the gene that encodes the cis-acting RepA1 initiation protein of the IncFII plasmid NR1 was isolated. The mutant protein was unable to promote initiation of plasmid replication in vivo a ... Full text Cite

Transcriptional pausing in a region important for plasmid NR1 replication control.

Journal Article Journal of bacteriology · December 1987 The results of in vitro single-round transcription experiments indicated that RNA polymerase pauses during transcription of the leader region that precedes the repA1 gene of IncFII plasmid NR1. Transcription initiated at either of the two transcription pro ... Full text Cite

Analysis of the individual regulatory components of the IncFII plasmid replication control system.

Journal Article Journal of bacteriology · February 1985 Replication of the IncFII plasmid NR1 is controlled by regulating the amount of synthesis of the repA1 initiator protein at both the transcriptional and translational levels. We have examined mutations which have altered each of these levels of regulation, ... Full text Cite

Regulation of transcription of the repA1 gene in the replication control region of IncFII plasmid NR1 by gene dosage of the repA2 transcription repressor protein.

Journal Article Journal of bacteriology · February 1985 Transcription of the repA1 gene of the IncFII plasmid NR1 is initiated at two promoters in the replication control region. Transcription from the upstream promoter is constitutive at a low level, whereas transcription from the downstream promoter is regula ... Full text Cite

Incompatibility and IncFII plasmid replication control.

Journal Article Basic life sciences · January 1985 The DNA coding for replication control and incompatibility of the plasmid NR1 serves as a template in vivo and in vitro for RNA transcription in both directions. In the rightward direction, RNA synthesis begins from 2 different promoters, one of which is r ... Full text Cite

IncFII plasmid incompatibility product and its target are both RNA transcripts.

Journal Article Journal of bacteriology · October 1984 The region of DNA coding for incompatibility (inc) and copy number control (cop) of the IncFII plasmid NR1 is transcribed in both the rightward and leftward directions. The rightward transcripts serve as mRNA for the repA1 protein, which is required for re ... Full text Cite