Conference2024 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium, SIEDS 2024 · January 1, 2024
High concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous, commonly introduced to stormwater through urban runoff, agricultural processes, and domestic wastewater infrastructure, contribute to algal blooms, which can be harmful and sometimes toxic to humans and aqua ...
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Journal ArticleMicromachines · April 2023
This paper demonstrates a fully integrated vacuum microelectronic NOR logic gate fabricated using microfabricated polysilicon panels oriented perpendicular to the device substrate with integrated carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission cathodes. The vacuum mi ...
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Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · August 2022
Wastewater-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance on college campuses has the ability to detect individual clinical COVID-19 cases at the building-level. High concordance of wastewater results and clinical cases has been observed when calculated over a time window ...
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Journal ArticleSci Rep · June 27, 2022
Analysis of stool offers simple, non-invasive monitoring for many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and access to the gut microbiome, however adherence to stool sampling protocols remains a major challenge because of the prevalent dislike of handling one's fe ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of environmental management · December 2021
In order to obviate the economic issues associated with pit latrine emptying and transport such as high water additions and rheologically difficult sludge properties, the implications of prompt solid/liquid separation were investigated. This was achieved t ...
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Journal ArticleWater research · October 2021
Non-sewered sanitation is currently dependant upon pit latrine emptying, the safety of which is compromised by the high costs of faecal sludge transport to centralised treatment facilities. Transport in turn is hindered by the complex rheology of pit latri ...
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Journal ArticleAnalytical chemistry · August 2021
In 1938, Walker Bleakney and John A. Hipple first described the cycloidal mass analyzer as the only mass analyzer configuration capable of "perfect" ion focusing. Why has their geometry been largely neglected for many years and how might it earn a respecta ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · May 1, 2021
Onsite incinerators offer a promising solution to the challenges of menstrual waste disposal, particularly in institutional settings. However, thermochemical processes are well known to depend on the nature of the feedstocks and their moisture content (MC) ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · February 2021
Cycloidal sector mass analyzers have, in principle, perfect focusing due to perpendicularly oriented uniform electric and magnetic fields, making them ideal candidates for incorporation of spatially coded apertures. We have previously demonstrated a proof- ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Solid Waste Technology and Management · February 1, 2021
This study aims to define the drying kinetics of two types of human fecal matter, stabilized sludge removed from South African pit latrines and unstabilized fresh fecal material collected from healthy donors in the United States. For the purposes of this s ...
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Journal ArticleEnvironmental science & technology · December 2020
Providing safe and reliable sanitation services to the billions of people currently lacking them will require a multiplicity of approaches. Improving onsite wastewater treatment to standards enabling water reuse would reduce the need to transport waste and ...
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Journal ArticleInternational Journal of Mass Spectrometry · November 1, 2020
This work compares the coded aperture imaging performance of thermionic filament and carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitter-based electron sources in cycloidal-coded aperture mass spectrometers. The use of spatially coded apertures in mass spectrometry enable ...
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Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · August 2020
A challenge in water reuse for toilet flushing in India and other Asian countries derives from pour flushing practices. It is a common assumption that the amount of pour flushed water used for personal cleansing is small in comparison to the cistern flush ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Management in Engineering · July 1, 2020
Innovators in the water and sanitation sector are focused on closing the sanitation gap in developing countries through innovation in technologies that enable waste treatment onsite. To ensure universal access, these technologies need to meet the practices ...
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Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · April 2020
4.2 billion people live without access to safely managed sanitation services. This report describes the field testing of an onsite prototype system designed to treat blackwater from a single flush toilet and reuse of the treated effluent for flushing. The ...
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Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · February 2020
Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · January 1, 2020
Electroporation has been evaluated as a potential backend wastewater treatment for deactivation of Ascaris suum eggs in buffer solution. Initial results indicate that eggshell permeability is affected by the pulse train electric field strength and duration ...
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Journal Article · February 24, 2019
The aims of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge (RTTC) include creation of an off-the-grid sanitation system with operating costs of less than US$0.05 per user per day. Because of the small scale at which many reinvented toilets (RT) are intended to operate, ...
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Journal ArticleWater and environment journal : the journal · February 2019
Our research is focused on the development of decentralized waste water treatment technologies enabling onsite water reuse. Accumulation of solids with recycling of treated blackwater increases the energy required for disinfection with an electrochemical p ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of applied electrochemistry · January 2019
AbstractWe report the development of novel modes of operation for electrochemical disinfection of E. coli in human urine simulant with an aim to minimize the energy required for disinfection. The system employs boron-doped diamond electrode ...
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Conference2024 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium, SIEDS 2024 · January 1, 2024
High concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous, commonly introduced to stormwater through urban runoff, agricultural processes, and domestic wastewater infrastructure, contribute to algal blooms, which can be harmful and sometimes toxic to humans and aqua ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleMicromachines · April 2023
This paper demonstrates a fully integrated vacuum microelectronic NOR logic gate fabricated using microfabricated polysilicon panels oriented perpendicular to the device substrate with integrated carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission cathodes. The vacuum mi ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · August 2022
Wastewater-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance on college campuses has the ability to detect individual clinical COVID-19 cases at the building-level. High concordance of wastewater results and clinical cases has been observed when calculated over a time window ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleSci Rep · June 27, 2022
Analysis of stool offers simple, non-invasive monitoring for many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and access to the gut microbiome, however adherence to stool sampling protocols remains a major challenge because of the prevalent dislike of handling one's fe ...
Full textLink to itemCite
Journal ArticleJournal of environmental management · December 2021
In order to obviate the economic issues associated with pit latrine emptying and transport such as high water additions and rheologically difficult sludge properties, the implications of prompt solid/liquid separation were investigated. This was achieved t ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleWater research · October 2021
Non-sewered sanitation is currently dependant upon pit latrine emptying, the safety of which is compromised by the high costs of faecal sludge transport to centralised treatment facilities. Transport in turn is hindered by the complex rheology of pit latri ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleAnalytical chemistry · August 2021
In 1938, Walker Bleakney and John A. Hipple first described the cycloidal mass analyzer as the only mass analyzer configuration capable of "perfect" ion focusing. Why has their geometry been largely neglected for many years and how might it earn a respecta ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · May 1, 2021
Onsite incinerators offer a promising solution to the challenges of menstrual waste disposal, particularly in institutional settings. However, thermochemical processes are well known to depend on the nature of the feedstocks and their moisture content (MC) ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleJournal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · February 2021
Cycloidal sector mass analyzers have, in principle, perfect focusing due to perpendicularly oriented uniform electric and magnetic fields, making them ideal candidates for incorporation of spatially coded apertures. We have previously demonstrated a proof- ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleJournal of Solid Waste Technology and Management · February 1, 2021
This study aims to define the drying kinetics of two types of human fecal matter, stabilized sludge removed from South African pit latrines and unstabilized fresh fecal material collected from healthy donors in the United States. For the purposes of this s ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleEnvironmental science & technology · December 2020
Providing safe and reliable sanitation services to the billions of people currently lacking them will require a multiplicity of approaches. Improving onsite wastewater treatment to standards enabling water reuse would reduce the need to transport waste and ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleInternational Journal of Mass Spectrometry · November 1, 2020
This work compares the coded aperture imaging performance of thermionic filament and carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitter-based electron sources in cycloidal-coded aperture mass spectrometers. The use of spatially coded apertures in mass spectrometry enable ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · August 2020
A challenge in water reuse for toilet flushing in India and other Asian countries derives from pour flushing practices. It is a common assumption that the amount of pour flushed water used for personal cleansing is small in comparison to the cistern flush ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleJournal of Management in Engineering · July 1, 2020
Innovators in the water and sanitation sector are focused on closing the sanitation gap in developing countries through innovation in technologies that enable waste treatment onsite. To ensure universal access, these technologies need to meet the practices ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · April 2020
4.2 billion people live without access to safely managed sanitation services. This report describes the field testing of an onsite prototype system designed to treat blackwater from a single flush toilet and reuse of the treated effluent for flushing. The ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleThe Science of the total environment · February 2020
Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · January 1, 2020
Electroporation has been evaluated as a potential backend wastewater treatment for deactivation of Ascaris suum eggs in buffer solution. Initial results indicate that eggshell permeability is affected by the pulse train electric field strength and duration ...
Full textCite
Journal Article · February 24, 2019
The aims of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge (RTTC) include creation of an off-the-grid sanitation system with operating costs of less than US$0.05 per user per day. Because of the small scale at which many reinvented toilets (RT) are intended to operate, ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleWater and environment journal : the journal · February 2019
Our research is focused on the development of decentralized waste water treatment technologies enabling onsite water reuse. Accumulation of solids with recycling of treated blackwater increases the energy required for disinfection with an electrochemical p ...
Full textCite
Journal ArticleJournal of applied electrochemistry · January 2019
AbstractWe report the development of novel modes of operation for electrochemical disinfection of E. coli in human urine simulant with an aim to minimize the energy required for disinfection. The system employs boron-doped diamond electrode ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of water, sanitation, and hygiene for development : a journal of the International Water Association · January 2019
The eggs of parasitic helminth worms are incredibly resilient - possessing the ability to survive changing environmental factors and exposure to chemical treatments - which has restricted the efficacy of wastewater sanitation. This research reports on the ...
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Journal ArticleGates open research · January 2019
Background: There is an unmet demand for community-scale fecal sludge treatment units (FSTUs) that serve communities of between 1,000 and 50,000 people and are able to operate in non-sewered and off-grid environments. An emerging industry standard f ...
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Journal Article · 2019
Onsite reuse of blackwater requires removal of considerable amounts of suspended solids and organic material in addition to inactivation of pathogens. Previously, we showed that electrochemical treatment could be used for effective pathogen inactivation in ...
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ConferenceAQM 2019 - Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology Conference 2019 · January 1, 2019
In summary, this paper shows the design and initial performance characterization of a coded aperture miniature mass spectrometer for environmental sensing (CAMMS-ES). CAMMS-ES incorporates spatial aperture coding to break the throughput vs. resolution trad ...
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Journal ArticleGates open research · January 2019
The aims of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge (RTTC) include creation of an off-the-grid sanitation system with operating costs of less than US$0.05 per user per day. Because of the small scale at which many reinvented toilets (RT) are intended to operate, ...
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Journal ArticleWater research · November 2018
Over 1/3 of the global population lacks access to improved sanitation, leading to disease, death, and impaired economic development. Our group is working to develop rapidly deployable, cost-effective, and sustainable solutions to this global problem that d ...
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Journal ArticleWater research · September 2018
Electrochemical disinfection (ECD) has become an important blackwater disinfection technology. ECD is a promising solution for the 2 billion people without access to conventional sanitation practices and in areas deficient in basic utilities (e.g., sewers, ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · February 2018
Despite many potential applications, miniature mass spectrometers have had limited adoption in the field due to the tradeoff between throughput and resolution that limits their performance relative to laboratory instruments. Recently, a solution to this tr ...
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Journal ArticleGates open research · January 2018
Onsite reuse of blackwater requires removal of considerable amounts of suspended solids and organic material in addition to inactivation of pathogens. Previously, we showed that electrochemical treatment could be used for effective pathogen inactivation in ...
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Journal ArticleInternational Journal of Mass Spectrometry · November 1, 2017
The use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) components in miniature mass spectrometers is particularly attractive due to their small size and scalable manufacturing capability. Our group has pioneered the development of miniature electron ionization s ...
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Journal ArticleWater and environment journal : the journal · November 2017
Decentralized, energy-efficient waste water treatment technologies enabling water reuse are needed to sustainably address sanitation needs in water- and energy-scarce environments. Here, we describe the effects of repeated recycling of disinfected blackwat ...
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Journal ArticleAnnual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.) · June 2017
The use of coded apertures in mass spectrometry can break the trade-off between throughput and resolution that has historically plagued conventional instruments. Despite their very early stage of development, coded apertures have been shown to increase thr ...
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Journal ArticleACS applied materials & interfaces · May 2017
This work investigates the surface chemistry of H2O2 generation on a boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BD-UNCD) electrode. It is motivated by the need to efficiently disinfect liquid waste in resource constrained environments ...
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Journal ArticleCarbon · March 1, 2017
The growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on polycrystalline silicon substrates was studied to improve the design of CNT field emission sources for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications and vacuum microelectronic devices (VMDs). Microwave plasma-e ...
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Journal ArticleIEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · September 1, 2016
The movement from discrete transistors to integrated silicon circuits led to the rapid evolution of microscale electronics, but there has been no equivalent transition for the vacuum tube transistor. Difficulty integrating devices at microscales has hinder ...
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ConferenceWEFTEC 2016 - 89th Water Environment Federation Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference · January 1, 2016
Novel waste treatment solutions are being created for developing countries to meet the needs of the over 2.5 billion people without access to proper sanitation. RTI International is developing a toilet that will operate completely separate from the traditi ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · November 2015
A novel chemical ionization (CI) source has been developed based on a carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission electron source. The CNT-based electron source was evaluated and compared with a standard filament thermionic electron source in a commercial explosi ...
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Journal ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · October 2015
A mentoring guide for incoming graduate students has been developed to minimize the time spent reiterating general guidance and "norms" that need to be instilled in new graduate students. This allows principal investigators and senior researchers to ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · September 2015
Miniaturizing instruments for spectroscopic applications requires the designer to confront a tradeoff between instrument resolution and instrument throughput [and associated signal-to-background-ratio (SBR)]. This work demonstrates a solution to this trade ...
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Journal ArticleMRS Communications · June 1, 2015
Nanostructured carbon materials, especially activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have been widely studied for supercapacitor applications. To maximize the efficacy of these materials for electrochemical energy storage, a detailed understanding ...
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Journal ArticleChemistry of Materials · April 14, 2015
Graphenated carbon nanotubes (g-CNTs) were investigated as the electrode support in MnO2 composite cathodes for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. The electrode performance could be tuned by optimizing the density of graphene foliates on the g- ...
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ConferenceTechnical Digest - International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM · February 16, 2015
This work evaluates crosstalk and transmission efficiency in multi-integrated field emission vacuum microelectronic devices (FE-VMDs). Experimental evidence showed that proximity effects cannot be neglected, therefore indicating a need for additional contr ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · February 2015
In mass spectrometer design, there has been a historic belief that there exists a fundamental trade-off between instrument size, throughput, and resolution. When miniaturizing a traditional system, performance loss in either resolution or throughput would ...
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Journal ArticleThe journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces · July 2014
Insights into the growth of high edge density carbon nanostructures were achieved by a systematic parametric study of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Such structures are important for electrode performance in a variety of applications su ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Surface Science · May 15, 2014
The surface of conducting diamond was functionalized with a terminal thiol group that is capable of binding and detecting nitrogen-oxygen species. The functionalization process employed multiple steps starting with doped diamond films grown by plasma enhan ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · April 2014
This report introduces the discovery of crystalline defects that can form in the porcelain veneering layer when in contact with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The focus was on dental prostheses and understanding the defects that form in the YSZ/porcelai ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and related materials · February 2014
In summary, MWCNTs have been examined for a variety of electronic applications due to their unique structure and chemistry. Electrodes for field emission, energy and sensor applications hold particular interest. MWCNTs provide a very high surface area, rel ...
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ConferenceIEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference, IVEC 2014 · January 1, 2014
Vacuum devices are preferred to solid-state for applications requiring radiation stability, a wide range in operating temperature, or high power at high frequency. However, difficulties associated with integrating these devices on the microscale have limit ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the Electrochemical Society · January 1, 2014
We report the development of an electrochemical disinfection system for human urine, which does not require the addition of any external water or chemical reagents. It is designed to minimize energy consumption so that it may be powered from point-of-use s ...
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ConferenceECS Transactions · January 1, 2014
The oxidation of phenol is compared for two different boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes; a niobium supported BDD planar electrode and a BDD coated Ti mesh. Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to compare the two electrodes. Continuous oxi ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · January 1, 2014
Over 2.5 billion people do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. Without a sanitary sewer infrastructure, self-contained modular systems can provide solutions for these people in the developing world and remote areas. Our team is building a bet ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · August 2013
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate strengthening mechanisms of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin film coatings as a viable method for improving fracture toughness of all-ceramic dental restorations.MethodsBars (2mm×2mm×15 ...
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Journal ArticleEnergy and Environmental Science · March 1, 2013
In an earlier report we showed that in concentrated carbonate/bicarbonate solutions, simple Cu(ii) salts are highly reactive as water oxidation electro-catalysts. We report here, based on earlier results in the literature, that Cu(0) films on a boron-doped ...
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Journal ArticleECS Transactions · January 1, 2013
We report the development of an electrochemical disinfection system for human urine, which does not require the addition of any external water or chemical reagents. It is designed to minimize energy consumption so that it may derive its energy from solar p ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Physical Chemistry C · September 13, 2012
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) films were synthesized and investigated in vitro for their potential use as a neural stimulation electrode. Materials and electrochemical (EC) characterization (cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectr ...
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Journal ArticleIEEE Electron Device Letters · August 27, 2012
Vacuum microelectronic devices (VMDs) designed for bipolar charge operation hold great promise for applications in radiation-intensive and high-temperature environments. This novel class of devices was first realized in a microelectromechanical platform le ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · June 2012
ObjectiveThis study evaluated contact angle and shear bond strength of three commercial zirconia primers and compared them to a recently developed fluorination pre-treatment. Earlier investigations reported that plasma fluorinated zirconia modifie ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · April 14, 2012
Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fascinating materials, both scientifically and technologically, due to their exceptional properties and potential use in applications ranging from high-frequency electronics to energy storage devices. This manuscrip ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · March 1, 2012
Nanostructured carbons offer great promise in numerous electrode applications due to their high surface area and area specific capacitance. With the growing importance of energy applications in particular, a need has emerged to characterize the various for ...
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Journal ArticleSensors and Actuators, B: Chemical · January 3, 2012
The design, fabrication and characterization of a compact optical biosensor based on an input grating coupler are presented. The sensor device consists of a waveguide-integrated single grating structure. The optical reader is based on the use of a largely ...
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ConferenceECS Transactions · January 1, 2012
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes prepared by chemical vapor deposition were used to determine if phenol could be oxidized to CO2 and if biofilms could be oxidized and "cleaned" from a surface. Cyclic voltammetry showed that phenol and biofilms were ele ...
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ConferenceCeramic Transactions · January 1, 2012
Objective: To determine if experience and fractography methodology of examiners results in differences in fracture toughness estimation of thin-film modified glass-ceramic Methods: Glass-ceramic blocks (Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · October 2011
This letter reports on nucleation and growth of graphene foliates protruding from the sidewalls of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their impact on the electrochemical double-layer capacitance. Arrays of CNTs were grown for different time intervals, res ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Surface Science · September 15, 2011
This paper discusses fluorination of biomedical-grade yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) by sulfur hexafluoride plasma treatment and characterization of near-surface chemistry products by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Deconvolution of the Zr 3d and ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · August 2011
ObjectivesThis paper presents a novel array-chip technology used to monitor the physical properties of dental composites in situ. The DECAY chip (Degradation via Electrochemical Array) leverages microfabrication techniques to construct a uniform a ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · August 2011
ObjectiveTo compare long-term microtensile bond strength of zirconia, surface-modified via a novel treatment, to current surface conditioning methods for zirconia, when resin bonded to dental composite.MethodsTwo ProCAD (porcelain) and 10 ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · July 6, 2011
The TWIST platform is an optical evanescent wave sensor which enables a label-free immunoassay-based portable instrument. The approach is based on input grating coupler sensors serving as functionalized sensing devices. Binding of the target analyte to the ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · July 2011
The present investigation focuses on the surface modification, via gas-phase fluorination process, of yttria- stabilized zirconia (YSZ) to increase its wettability and chemical bonding directly to acrylate-based resin cements. YSZ plates and cylinders, as- ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · May 2011
ObjectiveThis report presents a novel pretreatment technique, whereby the zirconia surface is converted to a more reactive zirconium oxyfluoride, enabling improved chemical bonding to other dental substrates via conventional silanation approaches. ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · January 2011
Non-silicate ceramics, especially zirconia, have become a topic of great interest in the field of prosthetic and implant dentistry. A clinical problem with use of zirconia-based components is the difficulty in achieving suitable adhesion with intended synt ...
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Journal ArticleMicroelectronic Engineering · January 1, 2010
We demonstrate that a replica grating can be effectively used as an inexpensive stamp for nanoimprint lithography to pattern diffractive optical couplers integrated with planar optical waveguides. Imprinted grating patterns were integrated with silicon oxy ...
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ConferenceProceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine · October 2009
Recent research has shown that the application of specific thin films can enhance the material properties of a laminate construct. In this study, the effect of different mono/multilayered films on the strength of a ceramic specimen is demonstrated. It is w ...
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Journal ArticleDental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · September 2009
ObjectiveThe overall goal of this research was to develop a practical method to chemically modify the surface of high strength dental ceramics (i.e. zirconia) to facilitate viable, robust adhesive bonding using commercially available silanes and r ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · June 15, 2009
A planar optical waveguide with an input grating coupler was used as an affinity-based biodetection device. Nanoimprint lithography was used to integrate the grating patterns with low loss silicon oxynitride thin-film waveguides. A widely tunable laser sou ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists · October 2008
PurposeThe objective of this study was to evaluate the basic fatigue parameters of a dental porcelain modified by deposition of a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin film and to compare the data to that of an unmodified control.MethodsT ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · September 29, 2008
The use of coded apertures in a large area MWIR system introduces a number of difficulties including the effects of diffraction and other distortions not observed in shorter wavelength systems. A new approach is being developed that addresses the effects o ...
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Journal Article2008 IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference, IVEC with 9th IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference, IVESC · September 15, 2008
We demonstrate a fully integrated, on-chip, vacuum microtriode capable of handling voltages up to 800 V. The ability to operate at such high voltages is achieved by the addition of a 10 μm-thick silicon dioxide layer to the device. The device is fabricated ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the Electrochemical Society · July 11, 2008
A better understanding of the effects of alloying Pt with Au on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was achieved in this study. Recent investigations of carbon-supported Au-Pt nanoparticle catalysts have shown enhanced response for the ORR with respect to ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · June 2008
We demonstrate a fully integrated, on-chip, vacuum microtriode capable of handling voltages up to 800 V. The ability to operate at such high voltages is achieved by the addition of a 10 mu m thick silicon dioxide layer to the device. The device is fabricat ...
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Journal ArticleSensors and Actuators, B: Chemical · May 14, 2008
A planar optical waveguide with an input grating coupler was used as a label-free biodetection device. Nanoimprint lithography was used to integrate the grating patterns with low loss silicon oxynitride thin film waveguides. A widely tunable laser source a ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · May 1, 2008
Thick SiOxNy films were deposited by radiofrequency (rf) plasma chemical vapor deposition using silane (SiH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) source gases. The influence of deposition conditions of gas flow ratio, rf plasma mixed-frequency ratio (100 kHz, 13.56 MH ...
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Journal ArticleProceedings of IEEE Sensors · December 1, 2007
Due to its flexibility and sensitivity, mass spectrometry is a preferred sensing method for applications ranging from explosives detection to air quality monitoring. The key functional elements of a mass spectrometer are ionization, mass separation, and io ...
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Journal ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.) · November 2007
Undoped, high-quality diamond is, under almost all circumstances, one of the best insulators known. However, diamond covered with chemically bound hydrogen shows a pronounced conductivity when exposed to air. This conductivity arises from positive-charge c ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · November 2007
Although ceramics are used for many different biomedical applications they are brittle materials that can be compromised by surface defects when under stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface modification with an yttria-sta ...
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Journal ArticleSensors and Actuators, A: Physical · July 4, 2007
Dense one-dimensional arrays of high aspect ratio Faraday cups have been microfabricated for application as position sensitive charged particle detectors. The method developed to fabricate these Faraday cup arrays utilizes deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine · June 2007
Fracture strength and fatigue parameters of three ceramic materials submitted to dynamic fatigue were evaluated. A machinable leucite-reinforced dental ceramic, aluminum oxide, and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were tested. The inert strength of the mat ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · May 24, 2007
This work focuses on the effects of custom-designed, two-dimensional grating structures on the sensitivity of optical waveguides biosensors in the input grating coupler configuration. Calculations suggest that suitably designed diffractive structures with ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · April 1, 2007
Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) has been studied extensively, due to its high-temperature stability and stress-induced tetragonal (T)-to-monoclinic (M) martensitic phase transformation. This T ⇒ M phase transformation has been well-documented for bulk ...
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Journal ArticleMaterials Science and Engineering C · April 1, 2007
Development of non-metallic restorative materials is a high priority due to biocompatibility issues and environmental concerns associated with metals waste and disposal. Ceramics are an ideal candidate for replacing metal-based restorative materials. Ceram ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · March 2007
A lateral on-chip electron-impact ion source utilizing a carbon nanotube field emission electron source was fabricated and characterized. The device consists of a cathode with aligned carbon nanotubes, a control grid, and an ion collector electrode. The el ...
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Journal ArticleProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · 2007
Extension of coded apertures to the MWIR introduces the effects of diffraction and other distortions not observed in shorter wavelength systems. A new approach is being developed under the DARPA/SPO funded LACOSTE (Large Area Coverage Optical search-while ...
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Journal ArticleECS Transactions · January 1, 2007
Co-sputtering was utilized to form metastable solid solution Au/Pt alloy films across the entire range of possible compositions. Homogeneous mixing was achieved without nanoparticle geometries, thereby isolating the effects of alloying from nanoscale size ...
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Journal Article2006 IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference held jointly with 2006 IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources, IVEC/IVESC 2006 · December 1, 2006
Previously, Bower et al. [1] demonstrated a microfabricated vacuum microtriode with an integrated carbon nanotube field emission cathode. One of the main limitations of the microtriode was the inadequate device insulation which suffered from leakage curren ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · August 23, 2006
Grating-based optical waveguide devices offer label-free biodetection capabilities relying on optical response to adsorption of analytes and corresponding changes of refractive index. Various configurations of this measurement approach were explored with t ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films · July 1, 2006
An increase in compressive stress was observed in rf magnetron sputtered yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films upon exposure to ambient conditions (25°C and 75% relative humidity). This increase was attributed to absorption of water molecules into intergra ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · May 25, 2006
Silicon oxynitride optical waveguides with a grating coupler were used for a label-free detection approach that measures the change of refractive index at the grating surface. Two approaches were used for the grating fabrication: (i) commercially available ...
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ConferenceProceedings of the International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering · January 1, 2006
Partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ) has been studied extensively, due to its high temperature stability and stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation, which can elicit enhanced fracture resistance. Applications include thermal barriers, ...
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Journal ArticleMaterials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · December 19, 2005
The importance of silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) for optoelectronic device applications is ever increasing owing to its tunable refractive index. In this research, the influence of deposition conditions on film properties, correlated with film composition and ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 2005
Silicon oxynitride films were deposited using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. The bond configurations of the constituent atoms in the deposited film were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Analysis of the Si 2p spectra sh ...
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Journal ArticleMaterials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · December 1, 2005
With the continued growth of photonics, silicon oxynitride (SiO xN y) is becoming a popular material for optoelectronic applications owing to its large tunable refractive index. However, with the increase in refractive index, these films tend to show poor ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films · September 1, 2005
Yttria (3 mol %)-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films were deposited using radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. The YSZ thin films were deposited over a range of temperatures (22-300 °C), pressures (5-25 mTorr), and gas compositions (ArO ratio). Init ...
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Journal ArticleLangmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · May 2005
We investigated the capability of an ordered array of microspheres to act as a template for deposition and ordering of a subsequent layer of microspheres. An evaporation-based technique was used to deposit monolayers of large colloidal spheres. A novel tec ...
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ConferenceMaterials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · January 1, 2004
We investigated the fabrication of a 3D colloid crystal assembled in a layer-by-layer fashion on a template substrate. This method of assembling an ordered structure offers flexibility in the choice of crystal orientation, because of the template, and the ...
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Journal ArticleThin Solid Films · November 24, 2003
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering in order to examine the effects of sputtering conditions on the properties of the resulting thin-films. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) a ...
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Journal ArticleAdvanced Materials · May 2, 2003
The photonic crystal composites with reversible high-frequency stop band shifts were studied. Two forms of manipulating spherical colloidal particles for the generation of photonic crystals were used. A report on a procedure that allowed for the tailoring ...
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Chapter · January 1, 2003
Solvent-induced phenomena sometimes have undesirable influences on the morphology of carefully designed nanomaterials. The chapter basically describes the morphology of two seemingly unrelated nano-structures-arrays of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and sol ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · January 1, 2003
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the structural properties of sputter-deposited yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films. YSZ films were deposited over a range of temperatures and background oxygen levels. Additionally, a m ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · December 1, 2002
Physically robust photonic bandgap (PEG) composites based on electrostatically stabilized polymeric colloidal particles are presented. The glass transition (Tg) of the composites can be varied over a large temperature range through the selection of the mon ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films · September 1, 2002
The effect of deposition interruption and substrate bias on the structure of sputter-deposited yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films was discussed. The use of a periodic substrate bias was found to produce a laminate structure with alternating layers of di ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists · March 2002
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to use finite element analysis to investigate the effect of misfit prostheses, cantilever prostheses, and various occlusal forces on the stress distribution in the prostheses, implant components, and surrounding ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Prosthodontics · March 2002
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to use finite element analysis to investigate the effect of misfit prostheses, cantilever prostheses, and various occlusal forces on the stress di ...
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Journal ArticleMaterials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings · January 1, 2002
Polycrystalline diamond films previously grown on silicon were polished to an RMS roughness of 15 nm and bonded to the silicon in a dedicated ultrahigh vacuum bonding chamber. Successful bonding under a uniaxial mechanical stress of 32 MPa was observed at ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · 2002
High temperature fusion of silicon to diamond is reported. Polished, randomly oriented diamond films and unpolished (100) highly oriented diamond films were bonded to single-side polished (100) silicon in a dedicated ultrahigh vacuum bonding apparatus. Dir ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of the Electrochemical Society · July 1, 2001
Boron-doped diamond electrodes prepared by chemical vapor deposition were used to determine if phenol could be oxidized to CO 2. Cyclic voltammetry showed that phenol was oxidized by the diamond electrodes and remained electroactive after multiple cycles. ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · February 19, 2001
Multiple production of nearly monoenergetic electrons at a given pyroelectric crystal surface charge density is observed on cooling or heating the crystal in ambient gas. Typically, the + z base of a 5 mm diam×5 mm crystal of LiNbO3 is heated to 100 °C and ...
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Conference2001 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, ISDRS 2001 - Proceedings · January 1, 2001
Processing techniques that address the interconnect issues required for fabrication of deep sub-micron electronic devices and for three-dimensional (3D) integration of these components will be described. As the interconnect density increases, alternate met ...
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Journal ArticleMaterials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings · January 1, 2001
Carbon, silicon nitride and boron nitride nanostructures were synthesized using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopies and x-ray diffraction were used to observe the morphology and structur ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · January 1, 2001
We report on needlelike silicon nitride nanowires grown on silicon using ammonia microwave plasma heating. Scanning electron microscope reveals that the nanoneedles are either straight, slightly bent, or kinked with sharp tips. Transmission electron micros ...
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ConferenceMaterials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings · December 3, 2000
Aligned multi-wall carbon nanotubes have been grown on silicon substrates by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using methane/ammonia mixtures. The concentration ratio of methane/ammonia in addition to substrate temperature was varied. The ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Applied Physics · November 15, 2000
Aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes have been grown on silicon substrates by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using methane/ammonia mixtures. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the nanotubes are well aligned with high aspect ratio an ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of biomedical materials research · September 2000
Metal and ceramic thin film coatings were deposited onto a dental ceramic via radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The objectives of the study were to determine if a coherent interface could be produced between the coating and the substrate and if th ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · March 27, 2000
Gas-tube protector units are used in telecom network interface device boxes and central office switching gears to provide protection from lightning and alternating current power cross faults on the telecom network. Current gas discharge tube (GDT) protecto ...
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Chapter · January 1, 1998
Metal-oxide-serniconductor field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated using B-doped diamond thin films deposited on polycrystalline, (100) highly-oriented, and single crystal diamond insulating substrates. Diamond films were grown using a microwa ...
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Journal ArticleReview of Scientific Instruments · January 1, 1997
Radio frequency (rf) antennae, coated with glass, were inductively coupled to an Ar plasma inside the processing chamber. Coupling efficiency η and electron density Ne were measured for moderate pressures (0.1-200 T) and rf power (10-2000 W). Decreasing th ...
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ConferenceMaterials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings · January 1, 1996
The heteroepitaxial nucleation and eventual growth of large area single crystal diamond films has long eluded researchers interested in tapping it's many enabling properties, specifically in the field of active electronics. The uncertainty surrounding the ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Applied Physics · December 1, 1995
The carbide forming nature of the substrate appears to be an important property when performing bias-enhanced nucleation (BEN); therefore, various refractory metals were studied since they are known carbide formers. Nucleation densities approaching 1×1010/ ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1995
A planar radio frequency inductively coupled plasma has been used to deposit diamond onto scratched silicon. This plasma source has been developed recently for use in large area semiconductor processing and holds promise as a method for scale up of diamond ...
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Journal ArticleSurface Science · July 10, 1995
We carried out experimental and theoretical studies aimed at probing interface interactions of diamond with Si, Ni, and Ni3Si substrates. Oriented diamond films deposited on (100) silicon were characterized by polar Raman, polar XRD, and cross-sectional HR ...
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Journal ArticleThin Solid Films · June 1, 1995
The influence of the process parameters on bias-enhanced nucleation of diamond on silicon was studied. When low pressures (< 15 Torr) and/or high bias voltages (more than 350 V d.c.) were used, no significant diamond nucleation was observed; in some cases ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · April 15, 1995
Highly oriented, 〈100〉-textured diamond films have been successfully grown on pristine silicon substrates using bias-enhanced nucleation techniques. This paper describes the characteristics of a highly oriented film deposited on the rough, as-cut, undersid ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures · March 1, 1995
Single crystal silicon field emitters have been modified by surface deposition of diamond using bias-enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Polycrystalline diamond with a high nucleation density (1010/cm2) and small grain size (<20 nm) was ac ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · January 1, 1995
The heteroepitaxial growth of diamond films on (001) silicon by bias-enhanced, microwave-assisted chemical vapor deposition leads to a mosaic of highly oriented crystallites. The majority of crystallites adopt a "cube-on-cube" orientation (diamond{hkl} ∥si ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · January 1, 1995
This paper describes a process for uniformly enhancing the nucleation density of diamond films on silicon (Si) substrates via dc-biased hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The Si substrate was negatively biased and the tungsten (W) filaments we ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Applied Physics · December 1, 1994
Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to index the faces and orientation of the sloping triangular defect which often appears on the {100} surfaces of chemical-vapor-deposited diamond. These features were confirmed to be 〈111〉 ...
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ConferenceProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · December 1, 1994
Highly oriented, (100) textured diamond films have been grown on single-crystal Si substrates via microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. A multistep deposition process including bias-enhanced nucleation and textured growth was used to obtain ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1994
Boron-doped, highly oriented, (100) textured diamond films have been examined by cathodoluminescence in a transmission electron microscope to assess the distribution of the defects and boron dopant within the films. Dislocation-related luminescence, which ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1994
Polycrystalline diamond thin films have been formed on single crystal silicon field emitters using bias-enhanced nucleation in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system. A diamond nucleation density greater than 1010/cm2 with small grain sizes (< ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · January 1, 1994
Growth of highly oriented, (100)-textured diamond films has been achieved through a multistep growth process which included biasenhanced nucleation and textured growth. The grain misorientation was analyzed by polar X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · January 1, 1994
Transport properties of highly oriented diamong films have shown a marked improvement over random polycrystalline material. Scanning cathodoluminescence microscopy has been used to determine the type of defects present in oriented films and the way in whic ...
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ConferenceMaterials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings · January 1, 1994
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated using B-doped diamond thin films deposited on polycrystalline, (100) highly-oriented, and single crystal diamond insulating substrates. Diamond films were grown using a microwav ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · January 1, 1994
Diamond has been deposited on polycrystalline copper substrates via bias-enhanced nucleation, a pre-treatment technique to promote nucleation in which a negative potential is applied to the substrate. The maximum nucleation density of the diamond on the co ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · January 1, 1994
Highly oriented diamond thin films grown on silicon via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In the plan view, defects appearing at the grain boundary were easily observed. (100) faceted grains that ...
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Journal ArticleMaterials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings · January 1, 1994
Diamond nucleation has been investigated on a variety of potential heteroepitaxial substrate materials. Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated heteroepitaxial nucleation on both Si and SiC substrates via bias-enhanced nucleation (BEN). In this s ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1993
A highly oriented, (100) textured diamond film was grown on a Si substrate, followed by the deposition of an epitaxial boron-doped layer for electrical characterization. Temperature-dependent Hall effect measurements were performed between 180 and 440 K. T ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1993
A novel technique for selectively etching diamond films is presented. This letter describes a technique by which diamond may be etched in a conventional plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor at rates comparable to those reported for both ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Applied Physics · December 1, 1993
Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy are employed to explore the time evolution of defect formation in chemical vapor deposition diamond films for stages of growth spanning nucleation to continuous film formation. Our research is concentrated on three ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1993
Oriented diamond nuclei prepared by bias-enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition on β-SiC and Si were characterized by x-ray texture diffractometry. In both cases, x-ray pole figures reveal an epitaxial relation between the orientation of diamo ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1993
Ordered diamond films have been deposited on single-crystal silicon substrates via an in situ carburization followed by bias-enhanced nucleation. Textured diamond films with greater than 50% of the grains oriented D(100)//Si(100) and D〈110〉//Si〈110〉 were g ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · April 13, 1993
CVD diamond thin-film thermistors have been fabricated in various geometries and at different doping levels in an effort to achieve practical resistance-vs.-temperature characteristics. Typical activation energy values reported for polycrystalline films we ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · April 1, 1993
CVD diamond thin-film thermistors have been fabricated in various geometries and at different doping levels in an effort to achieve practical resistance-vs.-temperature characteristics. Typical activation energy values reported for polycrystalline films we ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · March 31, 1993
Diamond has been successfully nucleated on mirror finish single-crystal β-SiC films via bias-enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Initial scanning electron microscopy indicated that approximately 50% of the diamond grains were oriented rela ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · March 1, 1993
A theoretical study of the diamond-β-SiC heteroepitaxial interface has been conducted. The interfacial modeling was performed to examine the various combinations of like and unlike interfacial planes between diamond and β-SiC based on a geometric criterion ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · January 1, 1993
Highly oriented diamond films were grown on single-crystal silicon substrates. Textured films were first nucleated by a two-step process that involved the conversion of the silicon surface to an epitaxial SiC layer, followed by bias-enhanced nucleation. Th ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · 1993
A theoretical study of the diamond-β-SiC heteroepitaxial interface has been conducted. The interfacial modeling was performed to examine the various combinations of like and unlike interfacial planes between diamond and β-SiC based on a geometric ...
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Journal ArticleDiamond and Related Materials · 1993
Diamond has been successfully nucleated on mirror finish single-crystal β-SiC films via bias-enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Initial scanning electron microscopy indicated that approximately 50% of the diamond grains were oriented ...
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Journal ArticleApplied Physics Letters · December 1, 1992
Textured diamond films have been deposited on β-SiC via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition preceded by an in situ bias pretreatment that enhances nucleation. Approximately 50% of the initial diamond nuclei appear to be aligned with the C(001) plane ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Electronic Materials · 1992
Electrical conductivity measurements and photoluminescence (PL) were used to study the effects that sample distance from the plasma during growth has on the carrier transport properties of undoped CVD diamond. The films were grown by downstream microwave p ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Materials Research · January 1, 1992
Laser reflection interferometry (LRI) has been shown to be a useful in situ technique for measuring growth rate of diamond during microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Current alternatives to LRI usually involve ex situ analysis such as cross ...
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Journal ArticleJournal of Applied Physics · December 1, 1991
The surface topography of silicon substrates after the initial stages of diamond growth, by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, has been observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. The initial surfaces were polished with diamond paste befor ...
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Journal ArticleProceedings of the IEEE · January 1, 1991
This review concentrates on recent advances in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and characterization of diamond films on nondiamond substrates. Major growth techniques including hot filament CVD, microwave, RF or dc plasma enhanced CVD, and combustion f ...
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